Artist Red Book artistredbook_wiki https://www.artistredbook.com/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.35.13 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Artist Red Book Artist Red Book talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 10 7 12 2009-05-02T18:34:55Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div> <!-- Beginning of header section --> {|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#4682B4;border:1px solid #ccc;-moz-border-radius:20px" |style="width:45%;color:#000"| {|style="width:100%;border:solid 0px;background:none" |- |style="width:100%px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;color:#000" | <div style="font-size:195%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#FFFFFF">{{{welcome}}}</div> |}<!-- Blurb & useful links --> |style="width:45%;font-size:125%;color:#FFFFFF"| {{{blurb}}} |}<!-- End of blurb & useful links --> </div> a384f27c7f43d66acecf5d65137f0fd5a41a122e 10 9 18 14 2009-07-08T08:41:15Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{HeaderTemplate|welcome={{{welcome}}}|blurb={{{blurb}}}}} <br /> <!-- LEFT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Info about this site --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{about_title}}}|content={{{about_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Featured Article --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{featured_title}}}|content={{{featured_content}}}}} |} <br /> <!-- RIGHT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Did you know... --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{didyouknow_title}}}|content={{{didyouknow_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Site news --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{news_title}}}|content={{{news_content}}}}} |} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 78f8386e9d2112600b0c1d1b84022fead288afdb 0 1 19 8 2009-07-08T08:42:32Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = This is your new site! Feel free to start editing right away! If you need any help, don't hesitate to contact ShoutWiki's [[Special:ListUsers/staff|Customer Support Team]]. | featured_title = Featured Article | featured_content = You can put a "featured article" here to show off the very best pieces that your community has done &mdash; or alternatively, you can use this space for something else if featured articles aren't "your thing". | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * ...that you can add your own "did you know" tidbits right here? | news_title = News | news_content = * This wiki was started! }} a8ae9f2f544922f44ef407d59dce5b9d42303d64 56 19 2014-01-15T23:16:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 10 8 20 13 2009-07-12T21:34:10Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2 style="border:none; background-color:#4682B4; padding:0.2em 0; margin:0; color:#ffffff; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-indent:0.5em; font-variant:small-caps; -moz-border-radius: 10px">{{{title}}}</h2> <div style="margin-bottom:1em; padding:0.5em 0.8em 0.5em 0.8em;"> {{{content}}} </div> a3eaeb792831e5830ecbb2db32c638dc9f8f7349 10 10 21 2009-12-30T17:51:29Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki |<noinclude> [[Category:Utility templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 9b3ed31a879b6aa4bb92a5b208aa67deb5a08aee 14 11 22 2009-12-30T17:54:25Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This category is for '''Utility templates'''. [[Category:Templates]] 15e385a420bfe4cfee4b3d0534649f6788fba68b 14 12 23 2009-12-30T17:55:03Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This category is for '''Templates'''. [[Category:Browse]] a8cfd0a0ac921fa55b5414969f163aad6d6ede6f 14 13 24 2009-12-30T17:56:16Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a starting point which can be used to access any article on this wiki. [[Category:Browse]] 317d0a35193ca0fd12391f7d765809291a2c756e 2 14 25 2010-10-03T15:20:51Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Jack Phoenix}} 39f2127f5a731958e4d69166956d8203baa21f5f 2 18 29 2010-10-03T15:28:32Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Lynton}} 489443000d7f6919f3fb29e669e8975b12d5a0c7 2 20 31 2010-10-03T15:28:58Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Pinky}} 956d39f2ba87e63e0746da28f570aa7c9668f5dc 2 23 35 34 2010-12-30T05:43:26Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This account is used by [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki Staff]] when performing maintenance tasks. This account is not a bot and cannot be blocked. If there is a problem with an edit from this account, please inform a member of the [[s:Customer Support Team|Customer Support Team]] using [[Special:Contact]]. Thanks, ShoutWiki Staff 4bac90676744e50249bf2391b4f33736fa8b0efc 2 25 38 37 2012-08-18T14:01:09Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User:Lcawte}} 86fa2663ff9f9ea6394f014c3f357961a4df0dfe 2 26 39 2012-09-08T10:44:22Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Cook879}} 53e7e32bee1b98a164562824eefabce5a576eb77 3 27 41 40 2012-09-08T10:46:56Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="center" style="background: #ccf; border: 3px solid #8888AA; width: 100%; -moz-border-radius: 80px;" |- | Hi. Welcome to my talk page. Feel free to [http://{{SERVERNAME}}/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Cook879&action=edit&section=new post a message] below. |} e7fa7b50cc89ce2aa64672457d39d2e53a3af758 6 28 42 2012-09-13T14:06:18Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 48 42 2014-01-15T15:32:45Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 49 48 2014-01-15T15:36:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 50 49 2014-01-15T15:36:21Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 51 50 2014-01-15T15:38:40Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 52 51 2014-01-15T15:47:18Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 53 52 2014-01-15T15:48:41Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 54 53 2014-01-15T15:59:46Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 55 54 2014-01-15T16:01:41Z Artistredbook 3369507 Artistredbook uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 3 29 43 2013-03-28T18:59:56Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User talk:Lcawte/header}} 3559a9a3d5b050de27eb5d8307d77d116689c1d1 2 30 44 2013-08-21T20:03:47Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Solar Dragon}} fc16bbd0df472669f7061ad2d89aedaf3311711c 3 31 46 45 2013-08-21T21:30:04Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User:Solar Dragon/Talkheader}} ce291e93fb8d269830d46539397abfd041cbaa75 3 32 47 2014-01-08T11:22:10Z ShoutWiki 11 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi Artistredbook, thank you for choosing ShoutWiki to make your wiki. We would suggest that you start your wiki off by doing these few basic things: *Upload a logo. You can do this by uploading an image over [[:File:Wiki.png]]. (not available on some skins) *Design your [[Main Page]]. The main page is likely the first thing users will see. It should be attractive and catch the eye. *Start building content. All wikis need content to become the best they can be. If you need help with making a logo, skin or favicon, please see [[s:w:logocreation|ShoutWiki's Logo Creation Wiki]]. If you need any help with building your wiki, feel free to contact [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki staff]] either via their talk pages or via [[Special:Contact]]. Alternatively, you can talk to us, or other users, via [[s:ShoutWiki Hub:IRC|IRC]]. Thank you again for using ShoutWiki. [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki staff]] 11:22, 8 January 2014 cdde76cabbf9a2a9fb9de296d0bef553a57b24a5 14 33 58 57 2014-01-15T23:36:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Painters by century}} [[Category:Painters| Century]] [[Category:artists by century|Painter]] eacf49e79bfe385afb61c603a4f390f4f568403d 10 34 60 59 2014-01-15T23:36:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{ sister | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = Wikimedia Commons has {{{alt-term|media related to}}} '''''[[commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc sub-page and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 2da49aac951c7e6e8031afcda668e2ac2f580063 10 35 62 61 2014-01-15T23:36:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons | position = {{{position|}}} <!-- {{#if:x|}} strips whitespace from parameter 1, in case it is fed like this: {{Commons category| Some cat }}. --> |Category:{{#if:x| {{{1| {{PAGENAME}} }}} }}<!-- -->|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Commons category template with no category set]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude><includeonly><!-- Some tracking categories to see if we're ready to switch to Wikidata --> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}||{{ns:14}}=<!-- Only articles and categories. --> {{#if:{{#property:P373}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{#invoke:StringReplace|encode wiki page name|{{{1|}}}}} | [[Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata]] <!-- We want to end up here --> | [[Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link --> }} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{PAGENAME}} | [[Category:Commons category with page title same as on Wikidata]] <!-- Ending up here is just fine --> | [[Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link here too --> }} }} | [[Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata]] <!-- These we still need to import --> }} }}</includeonly> de42607756229c01d194c22979781054d622f74e 10 36 64 63 2014-01-15T23:36:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <table class="{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{metadata|}}}}}|no||metadata}} mbox-small{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{position|}}}}}|left|-left}} {{{class|}}}" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; {{{style|}}}"> {{#if:{{{above|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}{{{abovestyle|}}}"> {{{above}}}</td></tr> }} <tr> {{#switch:{{{image|}}} |<!--BLANK-->|none={{td}} |#default=<td class="mbox-image">{{{image}}}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{text}}}</td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{imageright}}}</td> }} </tr> {{#if:{{{below|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr> }} </table><noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage --></noinclude> e7adcc7e843509e2dce7b5288c5d4234a93f4e35 10 37 66 65 2014-01-15T23:36:57Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> [[Image:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q = Wikiquote-logo-en.svg | wikipedia|wp|w = Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg | wikisource|source|ws|s = Wikisource-logo.svg | wiktionary|wkt|wdy|d = Wiktionary-logo-en.svg | wikinews|news|wnw|n = Wikinews-logo.svg | wikispecies|species = Wikispecies-logo.svg | wikiversity|wvy|v = Wikiversity-logo.svg | wikivoyage|voyage|voy = Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg | mediawiki|mw = Mediawiki.png | outreachwiki|outreach = Wikimedia Outreach.png | incubator = Incubator-notext.svg | #default = Wikimedia-logo.svg }}|40x40px|link=|alt= ]] | #default = {{{image|}}} }} | text = {{{text}}} | below = {{{below|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = plainlinks }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> f0c2772edb3f990c70e5cb2ef2f717e5ed7fb11c 10 39 68 67 2014-01-15T23:41:58Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <br style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" /><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ffae5bfd69cb2095f999b826c482acc52d692b12 10 40 70 69 2014-01-15T23:41:58Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki =<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 44f3105df6073eb65369938814d1551b51611402 10 41 72 71 2014-01-15T23:41:58Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{high-risk|400,000+}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> This template is part of Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|sister projects]]. This template links an article to a page on [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], containing a gallery of related images. ===Usage=== ::{| |- |{{tl2|Commons}}||– puts link-box with current page's name. |- |{{tl2|Commons|''pagename''}}||– puts link-box connecting title ''pagename''. |- |{{tl2|Commons|''pagename''|''showname''}}||– puts link-box showing the title ''showname''. |- |{{tl2|Commons|''pagename''|3=position=left}}||– floats link-box to the left side. |} To place this template on the page, type '''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>Commons|''pagename''}}''', where ''pagename'' is the name of a page on Wikimedia Commons (defaults to <small><nowiki>"{{PAGENAME}}"</nowiki></small>, the end-name of a page where used). * The optional 2nd parameter gives the displayed link text. * The {{para|position}} parameter accepts one keyword, <code>left</code>, to float the box to the left instead of to the right. * To link to a ''Category,'' use {{tlx|Commons category|''catname''}}, where ''catname'' is the name of the category. ===Location=== [[File:Sister link template columns problem.jpg|thumb|If using a large, graphical template produces odd layout problems, like the excessive white space shown on the right of this screenshot, then switch to a different sister template.]] {{cross}} '''Do not place this template in a section all by itself.''' {{cross}} '''Do not place this template in a section containing columns.''' This template should normally be placed at the top of the ''External links'' section at the end of an article, if the article has a section for [[WP:EL|external links]]. If no such section exists, then please place it at the top of the last section in the article, or consider using {{tlx|Commons-inline}} instead. See [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects]] for further recommendations about the best choice of template for various situations. On [[WP:DAB|disambiguation pages]], this template should be listed above other text, but below any cleanup templates, images, infoboxes or navboxes.<!-- Per WP:ACCESS, cleanup templates, images, infoboxes, and navboxes are always first. --> ===Defaults=== The ''pagenam'' defaults to wiki-variable <small><nowiki>"{{PAGENAME}}"</nowiki></small>, which is the end-name of the page where used. For a Template:Txxx, the <small><nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki></small> would be the end-name "Txxx". For a Category:Catxxx, that page would have <small><nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki></small> as the end-name "Catxxx". The default positioning of the link-box is to the right-side. ===Examples=== {| style="border:1px solid #808080; padding:1px;" |{{tl2|Commons}} |} produces {{Commons}} {{-}} {| style="border:1px solid #808080; padding:1px;" |{{tl2|Commons|Reconquista}} |} produces {{Commons|Reconquista}} {{-}} {| style="border:1px solid #808080; padding:1px;" |{{tl2|Commons|Category:Reconquista}} |} produces {{Commons|Category:Reconquista}} {{-}} {| style="border:1px solid #808080; padding:1px;" |{{tl2|Commons|Reconquista|retaking of the Iberian Peninsula}} |} produces {{Commons|Reconquista|retaking of the Iberian Peninsula}} {{-}} {| style="border:1px solid #808080; padding:1px;" |{{tlx|Commons|Reconquista|position{{=}}left}} |} produces {{Commons|Reconquista|position=left}} {{-}} ===Template data=== {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata>{ "description": "Creates a small box with a link to a related page on Wikimedia Commons.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Pagename", "description": "The page name on commons. The article's page name is used as a default.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "2": { "label": "Showname", "description": "Optional displayed link text.", "type": "string", "required": false }, "position": { "label": "Position", "description": "Position to display the box: 'left' floats the box to the left rather than the default which is on the right.", "type": "string", "required": false } }}</templatedata> === See also === * [[Template:Commons-inline]] - shows Commons gallery inline * [[Template:Commons category]] * [[Template:Commons category-inline]] - shows Commons category inline * [[Template:Commons category multi]] - to list up to 6 categories. * [[Template:Commons and category]] - shows Commons box with both gallery and category * [[Template:Commons and category-inline]] - shows Commons gallery and category inline * [[Template:Sister project links]] - to link all Wikinews, Wikisource, etc. <includeonly> <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --> [[Category:Exclude in print]] [[Category:Interwiki link templates]] [[Category:Wikimedia Commons templates]] </includeonly> 719208d11b0f05a5cbad1ef6ac4532fe20a6c7d3 10 42 74 73 2014-01-15T23:41:58Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:X mark.svg|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|20}}px|link=|alt=]]<span style="display:none">N</span><!--template:cross--><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 00c97edb9831b6ea2ba052b51ea4e51cbdadff8a 10 43 76 75 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Automatically add {{template sandbox notice}} when on a /sandbox page. -->{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | <div style="clear: both;"></div>{{template sandbox notice|{{{livepage|}}}}} }}<!-- Automatically add {{pp-template}} to protected templates. -->{{template other | {{#ifeq: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} | sysop | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | {{#if: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | <!--Not protected, or only semi-move-protected--> }} }} }}<!-- Start of green doc box. -->{{documentation/start box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /start box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- Start content --><!-- Start load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the next line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. --> {{#switch: {{#if:{{{content|}}}|1|0}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc|1|0}} | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 = {{{content|}}} | 0110 | 0111 = {{ {{{1}}} }} | 0001 | 0011 = {{ {{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc }} | 0000 | 0100 | 0010 | 0101 = }} <!-- End load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the previous line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. -->{{documentation/end box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /end box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- End of green doc box --><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c0fd8a2f49acd825ed5e61a04bc8114446d05d31 10 44 78 77 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:File}} | {{ns:MediaWiki}} | {{ns:Category}} = {{TALKSPACE}} | #default = {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the namespace of the documentation page. }}</noinclude> 3f8c9307e17e8c27c28733376f3ed4d8e04df50f 10 45 80 79 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Module}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; | textstyle = font-style: italic; | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--Use custom link box content--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc exists, link to it--> The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history])</small> <br /> |<!-- /doc does not exist, ask to create one? -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Module}} = You might want to [{{fullurl: {{{docpage| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc }} create] a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]]<br> | #default = }} }}<!-- Add links to /sandbox and /testcases when appropriate: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Module}} | {{ns:Template}} = Editors can experiment in this {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:module}} = module's | #default = template's}} {{ #ifexist: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | [[{{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}}|sandbox]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit }} edit] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages | page1={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&page2={{urlencode:{{{sandbox|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox}}}}}}} diff])</small> | sandbox <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-{{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{ns:Module}}|module-}}sandbox }} create] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&summary={{urlencode:Create sandbox version of [[{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}]]}} }} mirror])</small> }} and {{ #ifexist: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | [[{{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}}|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit }} edit])</small> | testcases <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-{{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{ns:Module}}|module-}}testcases }} create])</small> }} pages. <br /> }}<!-- Show the cats text, but not if "content" fed or "docname fed" since then it is unclear where to add the cats. -->{{#if: {{{content|}}} {{{docname fed|}}} | | Please add categories to the [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|/doc]] subpage. }}<!-- Show the "Subpages" link: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} = <!--Don't show it--> | {{ns:Module}} = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this module]]. | {{ns:Template}} = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this template]]. | #default = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|Subpages of this page]]. }} }}{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Print |<br />A [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]] of this template exists at [[/Print]]. If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.[[Category:Templates with print versions]] }} }} }}<!--End link box--><!-- Detect and report strange usage: -->{{#if: <!--Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--More checks can be added here, just return anything to make the surrounding if-case trigger--> | <includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --></includeonly> }} 4ace687d38959cafe7f91ee7977256cdead9c4b2 10 46 82 81 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div></noinclude><div style="clear: both;"></div><!--So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box.--> </div><!--End of green doc box--><!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{documentation/end box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} | docname fed = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | yes }} | sandbox = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/sandbox | testcases = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/testcases | template page = {{NAMESPACE}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 2be685c0ce0db3113039d7f1f2ef1690c92a1d8c 10 47 84 83 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Start of green doc box --><div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- Add the heading at the top of the doc box: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--Defined but empty--> | <!--"heading=", do nothing--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;"><span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" not defined in this or previous level--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Template documentation | {{ns:Module}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Module documentation | {{ns:File}} = Summary | #default = Documentation }} | #default = <!--"heading" has data or is empty but defined--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span>{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--Add the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links--> <span class="mw-editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | &#91;[[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|view]]&#93; [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit]] [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history]] [{{purge|purge}}] | <!--/doc doesn't exist--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #if: {{{preload|}}} | {{urlencode:{{{preload}}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} }} create]] }}</span> }}</div> }}<noinclude><!-- close the div --></div> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0e34466c14403d2c32b19e741f759fdb98bf142d 10 48 86 85 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation/start box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 7f6e551e93e95214ccd215f6e000406b210a5326 10 49 88 87 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | testcases = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{PAGENAME}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the template page name. }}</noinclude> 83e55011b2f99551c294b68cb14f363d67bd2917 10 50 90 89 2014-01-15T23:41:59Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | {{{override|doc}}} | <!-- doc page --> </includeonly>{{ #ifeq: {{{doc-notice|show}}} | show | {{mbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Edit-copy green.svg|40px]] | text = '''This is a [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]] for {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}}'''.<br />It contains usage information, [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]] and other content that is not part of the original {{ #if: {{{text2|}}} | {{{text2}}} | {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}}. }} }}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{defaultsort|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}{{ #if: {{{inhibit|}}} | <!-- skip --> | <includeonly>{{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|[[Category:{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | Template = Template | Module = Module | User = User | #default = Wikipedia }} documentation pages]]|[[Category:Documentation subpages without corresponding pages]]}}</includeonly> }}<includeonly> | <!-- if not on a /doc subpage, do nothing --> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0d884a165e4ff1eba5330c1bdf9d24d4551f64e1 10 51 92 91 2014-01-15T23:42:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Message box|fmbox}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> dfb511d767bd2208627c0874ccf91faf6b8551cc 10 52 94 93 2014-01-15T23:42:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = content | text = '''This {{ #switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |Module=Lua module |#default=template }} is used on [[Wikipedia:Database reports/Templates transcluded on the most pages|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|a very large number of}} pages]].'''<br />To avoid large-scale disruption and unnecessary server load, any changes to this {{ #switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |Module=module |#default=template }} should first be tested in its [[{{ #switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | sandbox = {{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} }}/sandbox|/sandbox]] or [[{{ #switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | sandbox = {{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} }}/testcases|/testcases]] subpages{{ #switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |Module=. |#default=, or in your own [[Wikipedia:Subpages#How to create user subpages|user space]]. }} The tested changes can then be added to this page in one single edit. Please consider discussing any changes on {{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[{{{2}}}]]|the [[{{ #switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | sandbox = {{TALKSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{TALKPAGENAME}} }}|talk page]]}} before implementing them. }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 5f6974672fd90ade6d62ee8373c2b3d60ec923d9 10 53 96 95 2014-01-15T23:42:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Message box|ombox}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 0e54065432d540737b9e56c4e3a8e7f74d4534ea 10 54 98 97 2014-01-15T23:42:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <code style="white-space:nowrap;"><nowiki>|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}<nowiki>=</nowiki>}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Categories and interwikis go near the bottom of the /doc subpage.--> </noinclude> e48f0b7dec4d33dbd25f9917ba6be1bce3cd9793 10 55 100 99 2014-01-15T23:42:00Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |move=<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |sysop|yes|no }} |create=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:create}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |yes|no }} |template=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |templateeditor |template = templateeditor |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |yes|no }} |pc1 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc1 = autoconfirmed <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc1 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |autoconfirmed |yes|no }} |pc2 =<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |pc2 = review <!-- this is the value that the PENDINGCHANGELEVEL magic word returns for pc2 --> |undefined = {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |review |yes|no }} |#default<!--includes all other types-->=<!-- -->{{#if: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{disallowlevel|}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |#default = <!--fallback value: null-->}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed = autoconfirmed |administrator |full |sysop = sysop |undefined = {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} |#default = <!--fallback value: null -->}} |no|yes }} |no}} }}|yes|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{small|}}}}}|yes| <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; 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you may use the {{tlx|edit protected}} template to ask an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it is supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:8}}<!--MediaWiki-->||You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that this page be unprotected.}} |semi=If you cannot edit this {{pp-meta/pagetype}} and you wish to make a change, you can {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||[[Template:Editsemiprotected|request an edit]], [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discuss changes on the talk page]],}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for unprotection|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]]. |move=The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected. 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--> </noinclude> 9e77b8a4aac1a981527cef2e034bdf46f87d9a64 0 64 116 115 2014-01-15T23:45:48Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Da Vinci}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}} {{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox person | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Leonardo da Vinci | image = Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo - WGA14795.jpg | caption = Portrait of Leonardo by Melzi | birth_name = Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci | birth_date = {{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y }} | birth_place = [[Vinci, Italy|Vinci]], [[Republic of Florence]] (present-day [[Italy]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1519|5|2|1452|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Amboise]], [[Kingdom of France]] | known_for = Diverse fields of the arts and sciences | style = [[High Renaissance]] | notable_works =''[[Mona Lisa]]''<br>''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]''<br>''[[Vitruvian Man|The Vitruvian Man]]''<br>''[[Lady with an Ermine]]'' | signature = Firma de Leonardo Da Vinci.svg }} '''Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci''' ({{IPA-it|leoˈnardo da vˈvintʃi}} {{Audio|it-Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci.ogg|pronunciation}}; April 15, 1452&nbsp;– May 2, 1519, [[Old Style]]) was an [[Italian Renaissance]] [[polymath]]: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, [[cartographer]], [[botanist]], and writer. His [[genius]], perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.<!-- NOTE The following paragraph is about HISTORIC OPINION not POV. It does not contravene Wiki policy, even though it uses words like "archetype", "greatest" and "most". It states how Leonardo has been DESCRIBED and CONSIDERED for 500 years. It cites 8 references which make these statements. --> Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the [[Polymath|Renaissance Man]], a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".<ref name=HG>{{Cite book|first=Helen|last=Gardner|title=Art through the Ages|year=1970|pages= 450–456}}</ref> He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.<ref name=genius>See the quotations from the following authors, in section '''Fame and reputation''': Vasari, Boltraffio, Castiglione, "Anonimo" Gaddiano, Berensen, Taine, Fuseli, Rio, Bortolon.</ref> According to art historian [[Helen Gardner (art historian)|Helen Gardner]], the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".<ref name=HG/> Marco Rosci states that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marco|last=Rosci|title=Leonardo|year=1977|page= 8}}</ref> Born [[out of wedlock]] to a [[notary]], Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, in [[Vinci, Italy|Vinci]] in the region of [[Florence]], Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, [[Verrocchio]]. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of [[Ludovico il Moro]] in [[Milan]]. He later worked in [[Rome]], [[Bologna]] and [[Venice]], and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded him by [[Francis I of France|Francis&nbsp;I]]. Leonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' is the most famous and most parodied portrait<ref>John Lichfield, ''[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-moving-of-the-mona-lisa-6149165.html The Moving of the Mona Lisa]'', The Independent, 2005-04-02 (accessed 2012-03-09)</ref> and ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' the most reproduced religious painting of all time, with their fame approached only by [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[The Creation of Adam]]''.<ref name=HG/> Leonardo's drawing of the ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'' is also regarded as a [[cultural icon]],<ref>Vitruvian Man is referred to as "iconic" at the following websites and many others:[http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Vitruvian-Man.html Vitruvian Man], [http://artpassions.com/art/1109-Fine-Art-Classics/0000067329-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Vitruvian-Man.html Fine Art Classics], [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=403230&sectioncode=26 Key Images in the History of Science]; [http://www.ingenious.org.uk/read/identity/bodyimage/Curiosityanddifference/ Curiosity and difference]; [http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/aug/30/art1 The Guardian: The Real da Vinci Code]</ref> being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number because of his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic [[procrastination]].<ref group="nb">There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed, either in whole or in large part, to Leonardo by most art historians. This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural, a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation. There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo.</ref> Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary, [[Michelangelo]]. Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, a [[tank]], [[concentrated solar power]], an [[adding machine]],<ref name="AddingMachine">{{cite web|url=http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html|title=Roberto Guatelli's Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine|last=Kaplan|first=Erez|year=1996|accessdate=19 August 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110529140741/http://192.220.96.166/leonardo/leonardo.html|archivedate=2011-05-29}}</ref> and the [[double hull]], also outlining a rudimentary theory of [[plate tectonics]]. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,<ref group="nb">Modern scientific approaches to [[metallurgy]] and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance.</ref> but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated [[bobbin]] winder and a machine for testing the [[tensile strength]] of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.<ref group="nb">A number of Leonardo's most practical inventions are displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci.</ref> He made important discoveries in [[anatomy]], [[civil engineering]], [[optics]], and [[fluid dynamics|hydrodynamics]], but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.<ref>Capra, pp.5–6</ref> ==Life== {{See also|Leonardo da Vinci's personal life}} ===Childhood, 1452–66=== [[File:Vinci casa Leonardo.jpg|thumb|Leonardo's childhood home in [[Anchiano]]|alt=Photo of a building of rough stone with small windows, surrounded by olive trees.]] [[File:Study of a Tuscan Landscape.jpg|thumb|Leonardo's earliest known drawing, the Arno Valley (1473), [[Uffizi]] |alt= Pen drawing of a landscape with mountains, a river in a deep valley, and a small castle.]] Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 (Old Style), "at the third hour of the night"{{#tag:ref|His birth is recorded in the diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio, as cited by Angela Ottino della Chiesa in ''Leonardo da Vinci'', and Reynal & Co., ''Leonardo da Vinci'' (William Morrow and Company, 1956): "A grandson of mine was born April 15, Saturday, three hours into the night". The date was recorded in the Julian calendar; as it was Florentine time and sunset was 6:40 pm, three hours after sunset would be sometime around 9:40 pm which was still April 14 by modern reckoning. The conversion to the New Style calendar adds nine days; hence Leonardo was born April 23 according to the modern calendar.<ref name=AV/>|group="nb"}} in the [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] hill town of [[Vinci, Italy|Vinci]], in the lower valley of the [[Arno River]] in the territory of the [[Medici]]-ruled [[Republic of Florence]].<ref name= SerA>His birth is recorded in the diary of his paternal grandfather Ser Antonio, as cited by Angela Ottino della Chiesa in ''Leonardo da Vinci'', p. 83</ref> He was the [[out-of-wedlock]] son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine [[Civil law notary|legal notary]], and Caterina, a peasant.<ref name=AV>{{Cite book|first=Alessandro|last=Vezzosi|title=Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man|year=1997}}</ref><ref name=Chiesa83>{{Cite book|first=Angela Ottino|last=della Chiesa|title=The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci|year=1967|page=83}}</ref><ref group="nb">It has been suggested that Caterina may have been a slave from the Middle East "or at least, from the Mediterranean". According to Alessandro Vezzosi, head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, there is evidence that Piero owned a Middle Eastern slave called Caterina. That Leonardo had Middle Eastern blood is claimed to be supported by the reconstruction of a fingerprint as reported by {{Cite news|first=Marta|last=Falconi|agency= Associated Press|publisher=Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/01/AR2006120100961.html|title=Experts Reconstruct Leonardo Fingerprint|date=December 12, 2006 |accessdate=2013-05-06|edition=News|origyear=2006-12-1}}. The evidence, as stated in the article, is that 60% of people of Middle Eastern origin share the pattern of whirls found on the reconstructed fingerprint. The article also states that the claim is refuted by Simon Cole, associate professor of criminology, law and society at the University of California at Irvine: "You can't predict one person's race from these kinds of incidences, especially if looking at only one finger."</ref> Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, (son) of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci".<ref name=SerA/> The inclusion of the title "ser" indicated that Leonardo's father was a gentleman. Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Anchiano]] in the home of his mother, then from 1457 he lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young.<ref name="LB">{{Cite book| first = Liana|last = Bortolon|title=The Life and Times of Leonardo|publisher=Paul Hamlyn|publication-place=London|year=1967}}</ref> When Leonardo was sixteen his father married again, to twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini. It was not until his third and fourth marriages that Ser Piero produced legitimate heirs.<ref>Rosci, p. 20.</ref> Leonardo received an informal education in Latin, geometry and mathematics. In later life, Leonardo recorded only three childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a [[Kite (bird)|kite]] dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face.<ref>Rosci, p. 21.</ref> The second occurred while exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.<ref name=LB/> The third incident concerned an unsuccessful experiment with a mixture of mint leaves and vinegar as a cure for halitosis.<ref name=LB/> Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brigstoke|first=Hugh|title=The Oxford Companion the Western Art|location=Oxford, ENG, UK|year= 2001}}</ref> [[Vasari]], the 16th-century biographer of Renaissance painters, tells of how a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the [[Duke of Milan]]. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a shield decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vasari|first=Giorgio|title=Lives of the Artists|year=1568|publisher= Penguin Classics|pages=258–9}}</ref> [[File:Andrea del Verrocchio 002.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)|The Baptism of Christ]]'' (1472–1475)—[[Uffizi]], by Verrocchio and Leonardo|alt=Painting showing Jesus, naked except for a loin-cloth, standing in a shallow stream in a rocky landscape, while to the right, John the Baptist, identifiable by the cross that he carries, tips water over Jesus' head. Two angels kneel at the left. Above Jesus are the hands of God, and a dove descending.]] ===Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–76=== In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione, known as [[Verrocchio]], whose workshop was "one of the finest in Florence".<ref name="Rosci">Rosci, p.13</ref> Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], [[Perugino]], [[Botticelli]], and [[Lorenzo di Credi]].<ref name=LB/><ref name=DA/> Leonardo would have been exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills<ref>Rosci, p.27</ref> including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.<ref name=AM>{{Cite book|first=Andrew|last=Martindale|year=1972|title=The Rise of the Artist}}</ref><ref group="nb">The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text ''On Divers Arts'' by [[Theophilus Presbyter]] and in the early 15th-century text ''Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui '' by [[Cennino Cennini]].</ref> Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his ''[[The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)|The Baptism of Christ]]'', painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again.<ref>Vasari, p.258</ref> On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched-up over the [[tempera]] using the new technique of [[oil painting|oil paint]], with the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.<ref>della Chiesa, p.88</ref> Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of ''[[David (Verrocchio)|David]]'' in the [[Bargello]] and the [[Archangel Raphael]] in ''[[Tobias and the Angel (Verrocchio)|Tobias and the Angel]]''.<ref name=Chiesa83/> By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the [[Guild of St Luke]], the guild of artists and doctors of medicine,{{#tag:ref|That Leonardo joined the guild before this time is deduced from the record of payment made to the Compagnia di San Luca in the company's register, Libro Rosso A, 1472–1520, Accademia di Belle Arti.<ref name=Chiesa83/>|group="nb"}} but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him.<ref name=LB/> Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the [[Arno]] valley, drawn on August 5, 1473.<ref group="nb">This work is now in the collection of the [[Uffizi]], Drawing No. 8P.</ref><ref name= DA/> {{-}} <!---Leave this break. It improves format on wide screens---> ===Professional life, 1476–1513=== [[File:Leonardo da Vinci - Adorazione dei Magi - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)|The Adoration of the Magi]]'', (1481)—[[Uffizi]]|alt=An unfinished painting showing the Virgin Mary and Christ Child surrounded by many figures who are all crowding to look at the baby. Behind the figures are a distant landscape and a large ruined building. More people are coming, in the distance.]] Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with [[sodomy]] but acquitted.<ref name=Chiesa83/><ref group="nb">Homosexual acts were illegal in Renaissance Florence.</ref> From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts.<ref name="everything">{{Cite book|title=The Everything Da Vinci Book|first=Shana |last=Priwer|first2= Cynthia|last2=Phillips|year=2006|page=245}}</ref> In 1478 he left Verrocchio's studio and was no longer resident at his father's house. One writer, the "Anonimo" Gaddiano claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and working in the Garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence, a [[Neo-Platonism|Neo-Platonic]] academy of artists, poets and philosophers which the [[Medici family|Medici]] had established.<ref name=Chiesa83/> In January 1478, he received his first of two independent commissions: to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the [[Palazzo Vecchio]] and, in March 1481, ''[[Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)|The Adoration of the Magi]]'' for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto.<ref name=Wasser1>{{Cite book|first= Jack|last = Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | year = 1975 | pages = 77–78}}</ref> Neither commission was completed, the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan. In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,<ref>{{cite book|last=Winternitz|first=Emanuel|title= Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician|year=1982}}</ref> created a silver [[lyre]] in the shape of a horse's head. [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sent Leonardo to Milan, bearing the lyre as a gift, to secure peace with [[Ludovico Sforza]], [[Duke of Milan]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Rossi|first=Paolo|title=The Birth of Modern Science|year=2001|page=33}}</ref> At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing Ludovico that he could also paint.<ref name=DA/><ref>{{cite web|title=Leonardo's Letter to Ludovico Sforza|work= | publisher =Leonardo-History|date= |url=http://www.leonardo-history.com/life.htm?Section=S5|accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref> Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the ''[[Virgin of the Rocks]]'' for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' for the monastery of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]].<ref name=Kemp>{{Cite book|first=Martin|last=Kemp|title=Leonardo|year=2004}}</ref> In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)|Hungary]] on behalf of Ludovico to meet [[Matthias Corvinus]], for whom he is believed to have painted a [[Holy Family]].<ref>Franz-Joachim Verspohl, ''Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505'' (Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2013}} Between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the list of funeral expenditures suggests that she was his mother.<ref>Codex II, 95 r, Victoria and Albert Museum, as cited by della Chiesa p. 85</ref> [[File:Study of horse.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Study of horse from Leonardo's journals – Royal Library, [[Windsor Castle]]|alt=A page with two drawings of a war-horse, one from the side, and the other showing the chest and right leg.]] Leonardo was employed on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for [[Milan Cathedral]] and a model for a huge [[equestrian statue|equestrian monument]] to [[Francesco Sforza]], Ludovico's predecessor. Seventy tons of [[bronze]] were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the clay model of the horse was completed. It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's ''[[Equestrian statue of Gattamelata|Gattemelata]]'' in Padua and Verrocchio's ''[[Bartolomeo Colleoni]]'' in Venice, and became known as the "Gran Cavallo".<ref name=DA/><ref group="nb">Verrocchio's statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni was not cast until 1488, after his death, and after Leonardo had already begun work on the statue for Ludovico.</ref> Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting;<ref name=DA/> however, Michelangelo insulted Leonardo by implying that he was unable to cast it.<ref name=LB/> In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannon to defend the city from invasion by [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]].<ref name=DA/> At the start of the [[Second Italian War]] in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician [[Luca Pacioli]], fled Milan for [[Venice]]<ref name=Chiesa85>della Chiesa, p.85</ref> where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.<ref name=LB/> On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of [[Santissima Annunziata, Florence|Santissima Annunziata]] and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of ''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist]]'', a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival".<ref>Vasari, p.256</ref>{{#tag:ref|In 2005, the studio was rediscovered during the restoration of part of a building occupied for 100 years by the Department of Military Geography.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Owen|title=Found: the studio where Leonardo met Mona Lisa|publisher=The Times|date= 2005-01-12|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article411195.ece|accessdate=2010-01-05|location=London}}</ref>|group="nb"}} [[File:Leonardo da Vinci - Plan of Imola - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|Leonardo da Vinci's very accurate map of Imola, created for Cesare Borgia]] In [[Cesena]], in 1502 Leonardo entered the service of [[Cesare Borgia]], the son of [[Pope Alexander VI]], acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.<ref name=Chiesa85/> Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of [[Imola]] in order to win his patronage. Maps were extremely rare at the time and it would have seemed like a new concept; upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief [[military engineer]] and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of [[Chiana Valley]], Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on October 18, 1503, and spent two years designing and painting a mural of ''[[The Battle of Anghiari (painting)|The Battle of Anghiari]]'' for the Signoria,<ref name=Chiesa85/> with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, ''[[Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)|The Battle of Cascina]]''.{{#tag:ref|Both works are lost. While the entire composition of Michelangelo's painting is known from a copy by Aristotole da Sangallo, 1542.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ludwig|last= Goldscheider|title=Michelangelo: paintings, sculptures, architecture|year=1967|publisher=Phaidon Press|isbn=978-0-7148-1314-1}}</ref> Leonardo's painting is only known from preparatory sketches and several copies of the centre section, of which the best known, and probably least accurate, is by [[Peter Paul Rubens]].<ref>della Chiesa, pp.106–107</ref>|group="nb"}} In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]''.<ref>Gaetano Milanesi, ''Epistolario Buonarroti'', Florence (1875), as cited by della Chiesa.</ref> In 1506 Leonardo returned to Milan. Many of his most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan,<ref name=LB/> including [[Bernardino Luini]], [[Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio]] and [[Marco d'Oggione]].<ref group="nb">D'Oggione is known in part for his contemporary copies of the ''Last Supper''.</ref> However, he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.<ref name=Chiesa86>della Chiesa, p.86</ref> ===Old age, 1513–19=== From September 1513 to 1516, under [[Pope Leo X]], Leonardo spent much of his time living in the [[Cortile del Belvedere| Belvedere]] in the Vatican in Rome, where [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]] and Michelangelo were both active at the time.<ref name=Chiesa86/> In October 1515, [[Francis I of France]] recaptured Milan.<ref name=Wasser1/> On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.<ref name=LB/><ref>Georges Goyau, ''François I'', Transcribed by Gerald Rossi. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-10-04</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Salvador|last=Miranda| url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1527-ii.htm|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Antoine du Prat|year=1998–2007| accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.<ref name="Vasari, p.265">Vasari, p.265</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is unknown for what occasion the mechanical lion was made but it is believed to have greeted the king at his entry into [[Lyon]] and perhaps was used for the peace talks between the French king and [[Pope Leo X]] in [[Bologna]]. A conjectural recreation of the lion has been made and is on display in the Museum of Bologna.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reconstruction of Leonardo's walking lion|url= http://www.ancientandautomata.com/ita/lavori/leone.htm |language=Italian|accessdate= 2010-01-05}}</ref>|group="nb"}} In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house [[Clos Lucé]]<ref group="nb">Clos Lucé, also called Cloux, is now a public museum.</ref> near the king's residence at the royal [[Château d'Amboise]]. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count [[Francesco Melzi]], and supported by a pension totalling 10,000&nbsp;[[Italian scudo|scudi]].<ref name=Chiesa86/> [[File:Clos luce 04 straight.JPG|thumb|[[Clos Lucé]] in France, where Leonardo died in 1519|alt=Photo of a large medieval house, built of brick with many windows and gables and a circular tower with a conical roof.]] Leonardo died at [[Clos Lucé]], on May 2, 1519. Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], [[:File:DeathOfLeonardo.jpg|Ménageot]] and other French artists, as well as by [[Angelica Kauffman]], may be legend rather than fact.<ref group="nb">On the day of Leonardo's death, a royal edict was issued by the king at [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], a two-day journey from [[Clos Lucé]]. This has been taken as evidence that King François cannot have been present at Leonardo's deathbed. However, White in ''Leonardo: The First Scientist'' points out that the edict was not signed by the king.</ref> Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the [[Holy Sacrament]].<ref>Vasari, p.270</ref> In accordance with his will, sixty beggars followed his casket.<ref group= "nb">This was a charitable legacy as each of the sixty paupers would have been awarded an established mourner's fee in the terms of Leonardo's will.</ref> Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's [[vineyard]]s, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak "of good stuff" with a fur edge.<ref group = "nb">The black cloak, of good quality material, was a ready-made item from a clothier, with the fur trim being an additional luxury. The possession of this garment meant that Leonardo's house keeper could attend his funeral "respectably" attired at no expense to herself.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Leonardo's will|work= |publisher=Leonardo-history|date= |url=http://www.leonardo-history.com/life.htm?Section=S6|accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in [[Château d'Amboise]], in France. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor [[Benevenuto Cellini]] as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."<ref>{{cite book|author=Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo |title=Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YISIUycS4HgC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=leonardo+cellini+francois+philosopher|accessdate=2007-10-03|isbn=978-3-7643-6940-8|year=2004 | publisher=Birkhäuser}}</ref> ==Relationships and influences== [[File:Gylleneportarna.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ghiberti's ''Gates of Paradise'', (1425–1452) were a source of communal pride. Many artists assisted in their creation.]] ===Florence: Leonardo's artistic and social background=== Florence, at the time of Leonardo's youth, was the centre of Christian [[Renaissance humanism|Humanist]] thought and culture.<ref name="Rosci" /> Leonardo commenced his [[apprenticeship]] with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor [[Donatello]], died. The painter [[Uccello]], whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. The painters [[Piero della Francesca]] and [[Fra Filippo Lippi]], sculptor [[Luca della Robbia]], and architect and writer [[Leon Battista Alberti]] were in their sixties. The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, [[Antonio Pollaiuolo]] and the portrait sculptor, [[Mino da Fiesole]] whose lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni.<ref name=Hartt>{{Cite book| first=Frederich|last=Hartt|title=A History of Italian Renaissance Art|year=1970|pages=127–333}}</ref><ref name=Rosci1>Rosci, ''Leonardo'', chapter 1, ''the historical setting'', pp.9–20</ref><ref name=Bruck/><ref name=Rach/> Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, [[Masaccio]], whose figurative [[fresco]]es were imbued with realism and emotion and [[Lorenzo Ghiberti|Ghiberti]] whose ''[[Florence Baptistery#Lorenzo Ghiberti|Gates of Paradise]]'', gleaming with [[gold leaf]], displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective,<ref>Piero della Francesca, ''On Perspective for Painting (De Prospectiva Pingendi)''</ref> and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and [[Leone Battista Alberti|Alberti's]] Treatise<ref>Leon Battista Alberti, ''De Pictura'', 1435. [http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Alberti/ ''On Painting'', in English], [http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/a/alberti/de_pictura/html/depictur.htm ''De Pictura'', in Latin]</ref> were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.<ref name=Hartt/><ref name=Bruck/><ref name=Rach/> Massaccio's "[[The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden]]" depicting the naked and distraught [[Adam and Eve]] created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of [[chiaroscuro|light and shade]], which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The humanist influence of Donatello's "David" can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly ''[[St. John the Baptist (Leonardo)|John the Baptist]]''.<ref name=Hartt/><ref name= Rosci1/> [[File:1 Workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio (Botticini) 1460s Metropolitan Museum N-Y.jpg|thumb|upright|Small devotional picture by Verrocchio, c. 1470]] A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the [[Madonna (art)|Virgin and Child]]. Many of these were created in [[tempera]] or glazed [[terracotta]] by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific [[Luca della Robbia|della Robbia]] family.<ref name=Hartt/> Leonardo's early Madonnas such as ''[[Madonna of the Carnation|The Madonna with a carnation]]'' and ''[[The Benois Madonna]]'' followed this tradition while showing idiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as ''The [[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo da Vinci)|Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]''.<ref name=LB/> Leonardo was a contemporary of [[Botticelli]], [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] and [[Perugino]], who were all slightly older than he was.<ref name=Rosci1/> He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the [[Academy#Modern use of the term academy|Academy]] of the [[Medici]].<ref name=LB/> Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family, and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence.<ref name=Hartt/> [[File:Hugo van der Goes 006.jpg|thumb|left|''The Portinari Altarpiece'', by [[Hugo van der Goes]] for a Florentine family]] These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the [[Sistine Chapel]], the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The ''[[Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)|Adoration of the Magi]]'' for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed.<ref name=LB/> In 1476, during the time of Leonardo's association with Verrocchio's workshop, the [[Portinari Altarpiece]] by [[Hugo van der Goes]] arrived in Florence, bringing [[Early Netherlandish painting|new painterly techniques]] from Northern Europe which were to profoundly affect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others.<ref name=Rosci1/> In 1479, the Sicilian painter [[Antonello da Messina]], who worked exclusively in oils, traveled north on his way to [[Venice]], where the leading painter [[Giovanni Bellini]] adopted the technique of [[oil painting]], quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Leonardo was also later to visit Venice.<ref name=Rosci1/><ref name=Rach/> Like the two contemporary architects [[Bramante]] and [[Antonio da Sangallo the Elder]] Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.<ref name=Rosci1/><ref>Hartt, pp.391–2</ref> [[File:Ghirlandaio a-pucci-lorenzo-de-medici-f-sassetti 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Lorenzo de' Medici between Antonio Pucci and Francesco Sassetti, with Giulio de' Medici, fresco by Ghirlandaio]] Leonardo's political contemporaries were [[Lorenzo Medici]] (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his younger brother Giuliano who was slain in the [[Pazzi Conspiracy]] in 1478. [[Ludovico il Moro]] who ruled [[Milan]] between 1479–1499 and to whom Leonardo was sent as ambassador from the Medici court, was also of Leonardo's age.<ref name=Rosci1/> With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom [[Marsiglio Ficino]], proponent of [[Neo Platonism]]; [[Cristoforo Landino]], writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and [[John Argyropoulos]], teacher of Greek and translator of [[Aristotle]] were the foremost. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher [[Pico della Mirandola]].<ref name=Rosci1/><ref name=Rach/><ref>{{Cite book|first=Hugh Ross|last=Williamson|title=Lorenzo the Magnificent|year=1974}}</ref> Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo received his employment at the court of Milan, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment.<ref name=LB/> Although usually named together as the three giants of the [[High Renaissance]], Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born.<ref name=Rosci1/> Raphael only lived until the age of 37 and died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.<ref name=Bruck>{{Cite book|first=Gene A.|last=Brucker|title=Renaissance Florence|year=1969}}</ref><ref name=Rach>{{Cite book|first=Ilan|last=Rachum|title=The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia|year=1979}}</ref> [[File:Isabella d'este.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Study for a portrait of [[Isabella d'Este]] (1500) [[Louvre]]]] ===Personal life=== {{Main|Leonardo da Vinci's personal life}} Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind" as described by Vasari,<ref>Vasari, p.253</ref> as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect is his respect for life evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit, according to Vasari, of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.<ref>Vasari, p.257</ref><ref>Eugene Muntz, ''Leonardo da Vinci Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science'' (1898), quoted at [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism]</ref> Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. They included the mathematician [[Luca Pacioli]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/special/Leonardo_Master_Draftsman/draftsman_left_essay.asp|title=Leonardo, Left-Handed Draftsman and Writer|accessdate=2009-10-18|last=Bambach|first=Carmen|year= 2003|location=New York|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091110221047/http://www.metmuseum.org/special/leonardo_master_draftsman/draftsman_left_essay.asp <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=November 10, 2009}}</ref> with whom he collaborated on the book ''[[De divina proportione|De Divina Proportione]]'' in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with [[Cecilia Gallerani]] and the two Este sisters, [[Beatrice d'Este|Beatrice]] and Isabella.<ref>Cartwright Ady, Julia. Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475–1497. Publisher: J.M. Dent, 1899; Cartwright Ady, Julia. Isabella D'Este, Marchioness of Mantua, 1474–1539. Publisher; J.M. Dent, 1903.</ref> He drew a portrait of Isabella while on a journey which took him through [[Mantua]], and which appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.<ref name=LB/> Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci'', (1910)</ref> Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salai and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with [[sodomy]] in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to [[Lorenzo de' Medici]], the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/leonardo_da_vinci.htm |title=How do we know Leonardo was gay?|publisher=Bnl.gov |date=2001-05-03 |accessdate=2011-10-29}}</ref> Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in ''John the Baptist'' and ''Bacchus'' and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.<ref>Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden Friendships'' epigraph, p. 148 & N120 p.298</ref> <!-- The info contained here is beyond dispute. It HAS been claimed. Please look at the main article and carry on the argument there. --> [[File:Leonardo da Vinci - Saint John the Baptist C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[St. John the Baptist (Leonardo)|John the Baptist]]''. Salai is thought to have been the model.<ref name="Salai as John the Baptist">{{cite news | url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=44665 | title=Art Historian Silvano Vinceti Claims Male Model Behind Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa | agency=Associated Press | date=Feb 2, 2011 | accessdate=November 16, 2011 | author=Rizzo, Alessandra}}</ref>'' (c. 1514)—[[Louvre]].]] ===Assistants and pupils=== [[Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno]], nicknamed ''Salai'' or ''Il Salaino'' ("The Little Unclean One" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him "a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton", after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.<ref>Leonardo, Codex C. 15v, Institut of France. Trans. Richter</ref> Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.<ref>della Chiesa, p.84</ref> Salai executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salai, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo "taught him a great deal about painting",<ref name="Vasari, p.265"/> his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as [[Marco d'Oggione]] and [[Boltraffio]]. In 1515, he painted a nude version of the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', known as ''[[Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno#Life|Monna Vanna]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gross|first=Tom|title=Mona Lisa Goes Topless|work= |publisher=Paintingsdirect.com|date= |url= http://www.paintingsdirect.com/content/artnews/032001/artnews1.html|accessdate=2007-09-27 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070403073656/http://www.paintingsdirect.com/content/artnews/032001/artnews1.html |archivedate=2007-04-03}}</ref> Salai owned the ''Mona Lisa'' at the time of his death in 1525, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.<ref name=NR>{{cite web|last=Rossiter|first=Nick|title=Could this be the secret of her smile?|work= |publisher=Telegraph.co.UK|date=2003-07-04|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/04/07/banr.xml|accessdate=2007-10-03|location=London}}</ref> In 1506, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count [[Francesco Melzi]], the son of a [[Lombardy|Lombard]] aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. He travelled to France with Leonardo and remained with him until Leonardo's death.<ref name=LB/> Melzi inherited the artistic and scientific works, manuscripts, and collections of Leonardo and administered the estate. ==Painting== {{See also|List of works by Leonardo da Vinci}} [[File:Leonardo Da Vinci - Annunciazione.jpeg|thumb|400px|''[[Annunciation (Leonardo)|Annunciation]]'' (1475–1480)—Uffizi, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest complete work.]] Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter and on a handful of works, either authenticated or attributed to him that have been regarded as among the masterpieces.<ref>By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a "Divine" painter. His fame is discussed by Daniel Arasse in ''Leonardo da Vinci'', pp.11–15</ref> These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities which have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are the innovative techniques which he used in laying on the paint, his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology, his interest in [[physiognomy]] and the way in which humans register emotion in expression and gesture, his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition, and his use of the subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the ''Mona Lisa'', the ''Last Supper'' and the ''Virgin of the Rocks''.<ref>These qualities of Leonardo's works are discussed by Frederick Hartt in ''A History of Italian Renaissance Art'', pp.387–411.</ref> [[File:Leonardo, san girolamo.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Unfinished painting of ''St. Jerome in the Wilderness'', (c.&nbsp;1480), [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]].]] ===Early works=== Leonardo's early works begin with the ''[[The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)|Baptism of Christ]]'' painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are [[Annunciation]]s. One is small, {{nowrap|{{convert|59|cm}}}} long and {{nowrap|{{convert|14|cm}}}} high. It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by [[Lorenzo di Credi]] from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, {{nowrap|{{convert|217|cm}}}} long.<ref>della Chiesa, pp. 88, 90</ref> In both these Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico's two well-known pictures of the same subject, of the [[Virgin Mary]] sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.<ref name=Berti>{{Cite book | first = Luciano | last = Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | pages = 59–62}}</ref> In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. In the larger picture, however, Mary is not submissive. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.<ref name=Hartt/> This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the [[Mother of God]], not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.{{#tag:ref|Michael Baxandall lists 5 "laudable conditions" or reactions of Mary to the presence and announcement of the angel. These are: Disquiet, Reflection, Inquiry, Submission and Merit. In this painting Mary's attitude does not comply with any of the accepted traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Michael|last=Baxandall|title=Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy|year=1974|pages=49–56}}</ref>|group="nb"}} ===Paintings of the 1480s=== [[File:Virgin of the Rocks.jpg|thumb|''[[Virgin of the Rocks]]'', [[Louvre]], demonstrates Leonardo's interest in nature.]] In the 1480s Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work which was also of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings is that of ''[[St. Jerome in the Wilderness]]''. Bortolon associates this picture with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: "I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die."<ref name=LB/> Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and it is very unusual.{{#tag:ref|The painting, which in the 18th century belonged to [[Angelica Kauffman]], was later cut up. The two main sections were found in a junk shop and cobbler's shop and were reunited.<ref name=Wasser2>Wasserman, pp.104–6</ref> It is probable that outer parts of the composition are missing.|group="nb"}} [[St Jerome|Jerome]], as a [[penitent]], occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.<ref name=Wasser2/> Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the ''[[Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)|Adoration of the Magi]]'', a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about 250 x 250 centimetres. Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined [[classical architecture]] which makes part of the backdrop to the scene. But in 1482 Leonardo went off to Milan at the behest of [[Lorenzo Medici|Lorenzo de' Medici]] in order to win favour with [[Ludovico il Moro]], and the painting was abandoned.<ref name=Chiesa83/><ref name=Berti/> The third important work of this period is the ''[[Virgin of the Rocks]]'' which was commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the [[Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis|de Predis brothers]], was to fill a large complex altarpiece, already constructed.<ref>Wasserman, p.108</ref> Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant [[John the Baptist]], in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. In this scene, as painted by Leonardo, John recognizes and worships Jesus as the Christ. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.<ref>{{cite web | title =The Mysterious Virgin | work = | publisher =[[National Gallery, London]] | url =http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collection/features/potm/2006/may/feature1.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-27 }}</ref> While the painting is quite large, about {{nowrap|200 × 120 centimetres}}, it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished, one which remained at the chapel of the Confraternity and the other which Leonardo carried away to France. But the Brothers did not get their painting, or the de Predis their payment, until the next century.<ref name=DA>{{Cite book | first = Daniel | last = Arasse | title = Leonardo da Vinci | year = 1998 }}</ref><ref name="Chiesa85"/> [[File:Última Cena - Da Vinci 5.jpg|thumb|left|400px|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' (1498)—[[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie]], Milan, Italy]] ===Paintings of the 1490s=== Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'', painted for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death. It shows specifically the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me". Leonardo tells the story of the consternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus.<ref name=DA/> The novelist [[Matteo Bandello]] observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.<ref>Wasserman, p.124</ref> This was beyond the comprehension of the [[prior]] of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.<ref>Vasari, p.263</ref> When finished, the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation,<ref>Vasari, p.262</ref> but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined".<ref>della Chiesa, p.97</ref> Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface which was subject to mold and to flaking.<ref>della Chiesa, p.98</ref> Despite this, the painting has remained one of the most reproduced works of art, countless copies being made in every medium from carpets to cameos. ===Paintings of the 1500s=== [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'' or ''La Gioconda'' (1503–1505/1507)—[[Louvre]], Paris, France]] Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' or "la Gioconda", the laughing one. In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "[[sfumato]]" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original".<ref>Vasari, p.267</ref>{{#tag:ref|Whether or not Vasari had seen the Mona Lisa is the subject of debate. The opinion that he had ''not'' seen the painting is based mainly on the fact that he describes the Mona Lisa as having eyebrows. Daniel Arasse in ''Leonardo da Vinci'' discusses the possibility that Leonardo may have painted the figure with eyebrows which were subsequently removed. (They were not fashionable in the mid-16th century.)<ref name=DA/> The analysis of high resolution scans made by Pascal Cotte has revealed that the Mona Lisa had eyebrows and eyelashes which have been subsequently removed.<ref>{{cite news| publisher=BBC News |title= The Mona Lisa had brows and lashes | date = October 22, 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7056041.stm | accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Other characteristics found in this work are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing [[oil paint|oils]], but laid on much like [[tempera]] and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.{{#tag:ref|Jack Wasserman writes of "the inimitable treatment of the surfaces" of this painting.<ref>Wasserman, p.144</ref>|group="nb"}} Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master&nbsp;... despair and lose heart."<ref>Vasari, p.266</ref> The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.<ref>della Chiesa, p.103</ref> In the painting ''[[Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]'' the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful"<ref>Wasserman, p.150</ref> and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.<ref name=DA/> This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and [[Andrea del Sarto]],<ref>della Chiesa, p.109</ref> and through them [[Pontormo]] and [[Correggio]]. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters [[Tintoretto]] and [[Paolo Veronese|Veronese]]. {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header_align = center | header = | image1 = Leonardo da vinci, The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne 01.jpg | width1 =175 | alt1 = | caption1 = <center>''The [[Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]'', (c. 1510)-[[Louvre Museum]] | image2 =Leonardo da Vinci - Virgin and Child with Ss Anne and John the Baptist.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = <center>''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist]]'' (c.&nbsp;1499–1500)—[[National Gallery, London]] }} ===Drawings=== Leonardo was not a prolific painter, but he was a most prolific draftsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as ''The Adoration of the Magi'', ''The Virgin of the Rocks'' and ''The Last Supper''.<ref name=Popham/> His earliest dated drawing is a ''Landscape of the Arno Valley'', 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.<ref name=LB/><ref name=Popham>{{Cite book | first = A.E. | last = Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | year = 1946 }}</ref> Among his famous drawings are the ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'', a study of the proportions of the human body, the ''Head of an Angel'', for ''[[The Virgin of the Rocks]]'' in the Louvre, a botanical study of ''Star of Bethlehem'' and a large drawing (160×100&nbsp;cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of ''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist]]'' in the National Gallery, London.<ref name=Popham/> This drawing employs the subtle ''[[sfumato]]'' technique of shading, in the manner of the ''Mona Lisa''. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to ''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]'' in the Louvre.<ref>della Chiesa, p.102</ref> Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as "caricatures" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that if Leonardo saw a person with an interesting face he would follow them around all day observing them.<ref>Vasari, p.261</ref> There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salai, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called "Grecian profile".<ref group = "nb">The "Grecian profile" has a continuous straight line from forehead to nose-tip, the bridge of the nose being exceptionally high. It is a feature of many [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Classical Greek]] statues.</ref> These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.<ref name=Popham/> Salai is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the [[Pazzi Conspiracy]].<ref name=Popham/> With dispassionate integrity Leonardo has registered in neat [[mirror writing]] the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. {{-}} ==Observation and invention== {{Main|Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci}} [[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'' (c.&nbsp;1485) [[Accademia, Venice]]]] ===Journals and notes=== {{See also|List of works by Leonardo da Vinci#Manuscripts}} [[Renaissance humanism]] recognized no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.<ref name=DA/> These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and [[natural philosophy]] (the forerunner of modern science), made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.<ref name=DA/> Leonardo's writings are mostly in mirror-image cursive. The reason may have been more a practical expediency than for reasons of secrecy as is often suggested. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it is probable that it was easier for him to write from right to left.<ref group = "nb">Left-handed writers using a split nib or quill pen experience difficulty pushing the pen from left to right across the page.</ref> [[File:Da Vinci Studies of Embryos Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|A page showing Leonardo's study of a foetus in the womb (c.&nbsp;1510) Royal Library, [[Windsor Castle]]]] His notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.<ref name=DA/> These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes, distributed by friends after his death—have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at [[Windsor Castle]], [[the Louvre]], the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]], the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]] in Milan which holds the twelve-volume [[Codex Atlanticus]], and [[British Library]] in London which has put a selection from the [[Codex Arundel]] (BL Arundel MS 263) online.<ref>{{cite web | title =Sketches by Leonardo | work =Turning the Pages | publisher =[[British Library]] | url =http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html | accessdate =2007-09-27 }}</ref> The ''[[Codex Leicester (Leonardo da Vinci)|Codex Leicester]]'' is the only major scientific work of Leonardo's in private hands. It is owned by [[Bill Gates]] and is displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Leonardo's notes appear to have been intended for publication because many of the sheets have a form and order that would facilitate this. In many cases a single topic, for example, the heart or the human fetus, is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet.<ref>Windsor Castle, Royal Library, sheets RL 19073v-19074v and RL 19102 respectively.</ref><ref group = "nb">This method of organisation minimises of loss of data in the case of pages being mixed up or destroyed.</ref> Why they were not published within Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.<ref name=DA/> ===Scientific studies=== [[File:Leonardo polyhedra.png|thumb|upright|[[Rhombicuboctahedron]] as published in [[Luca Pacioli|Pacioli's]] <br>''[[De divina proportione|De Divina Proportione]]'']] Leonardo's approach to science was an observational one: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasize experiments or [[Theory|theoretical]] explanation. Since he lacked formal education in [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[mathematics]], contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. In the 1490s he studied mathematics under [[Luca Pacioli]] and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book ''[[De divina proportione|De Divina Proportione]]'', published in 1509.<ref name=DA/> It appears that from the content of his journals he was planning a series of treatises to be published on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on [[anatomy]] was said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis 'D' Aragon's secretary in 1517.<ref> {{Cite book | last = O'Malley | last2 = Saunders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body | year = 1982 | publisher = Dover Publications | publication-place = New York }}</ref> Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by his pupil Francesco Melzi and eventually published as ''[[A Treatise on Painting|Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci]]'' in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724,<ref>della Chiesa, p.117</ref> with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter [[Nicolas Poussin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336408/Leonardo-da-Vinci/59102/Sculpture |title=Leonardo da Vinci (Italian artist, engineer, and scientist) : Sculpture - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-06}}</ref> According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as "the precursor of French academic thought on art".<ref name=DA/> While Leonardo's experimentation followed clear scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Frtijof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from [[Galileo]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and other scientists who followed him in that, as a Renaissance Man, his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.<ref>Capra, Fritjof. The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Genius of the Renaissance. (New York, Doubleday, 2007)</ref> [[File:Studies of the Arm showing the Movements made by the Biceps.jpg|left|thumb|Anatomical study of the arm, (c.&nbsp;1510)]] ===Anatomy=== Leonardo's formal training in the [[anatomy]] of the [[human body]] began with his apprenticeship to [[Andrea del Verrocchio]], who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy. As an artist, he quickly became master of ''topographic anatomy'', drawing many studies of [[muscle]]s, [[tendon]]s and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, he was given permission to [[Dissection|dissect]] human corpses at the [[Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova]] in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor [[Marcantonio della Torre]]. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.<ref name=Sooke/> These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.<ref name=KDK/> It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's ''Treatise on painting'', published in France in 1632.<ref name=DA/><ref name=KDK>Kenneth D. Keele, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033412/pdf/medhist00157-0072.pdf ''Leonardo da Vinci's Influence on Renaissance Anatomy'']. (1964)</ref> During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, [[Benvenuto Cellini|Cellini]] and [[Albrecht Dürer]] who made a number of drawings from them.<ref name=KDK/> Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the [[human skeleton]] and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of [[biomechanics]].<ref name=Mason>{{cite book| last = Mason| first = Stephen F.| authorlink = Stephen F. Mason| title = A History of the Sciences|publisher = Collier Books| year = 1962| location = New York, NY| page = 550}}</ref> He drew the heart and [[Circulatory system|vascular system]], the [[sex organs]] and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a [[fetus]] ''in utero''.<ref name=Popham/> The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.<ref name=Sooke>Alistair Sooke, The Daily Telegraph, 28 July 2013, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/leonardo-da-vinci/10202124/Leonardo-da-Vinci-Anatomy-of-an-artist.html Online], accessed 29 July 2013.</ref><ref>Hannah Furness, [[The Daily Telegraph]], 12 March 2013, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/edinburgh-festival/9923336/Leonardo-da-Vinci-was-right-all-along-new-medical-scans-show.html Online], accessed 28 July 2013.</ref> As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.<ref name=DA/><ref name=Popham/> Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.<ref name=Popham/> ===Engineering and inventions=== [[File:Design for a Flying Machine.jpg|thumb|A design for a flying machine, (c.&nbsp;1488) Institut de France, Paris]] During his lifetime Leonardo was valued as an engineer. In a letter to [[Ludovico il Moro]] he claimed to be able to create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled to Venice in 1499 he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River, a project on which [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] also worked.<ref>{{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | year = 1996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | year = 1998 }}</ref> Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include [[Viola organista|musical instruments]], hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a [[steam cannon]].<ref name=LB/><ref name=DA/> In 1502, Leonardo produced a drawing of a single span {{convert|720|ft|m|adj=on}} bridge as part of a [[civil engineering]] project for Ottoman [[Sultan]] [[Beyazid II]] of [[Constantinople]]. The bridge was intended to span an inlet at the mouth of the [[Bosporus]] known as the [[Golden Horn]]. Beyazid did not pursue the project because he believed that such a construction was impossible. Leonardo's vision was resurrected in 2001 when a [[Vebjørn Sand Da Vinci Project|smaller bridge]] based on his design was constructed in Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vebjorn-sand.com/ |title=The Leonardo Bridge Project |publisher=Vebjorn-sand.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Levy | first =Daniel S. | title =Dream of the Master | publisher =''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine | date = October 4, 1999 | url =http://www.vebjorn-sand.com/dreamsofthemaster.html | accessdate =2007-09-27 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070912033510/http://www.vebjorn-sand.com/dreamsofthemaster.html|archivedate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> For much of his life, Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of [[flight]], producing many studies of the flight of birds, including his c.&nbsp;1505 [[Codex on the Flight of Birds]], as well as plan for several flying machines, including a flapping [[ornithopter]] and a machine with a helical [[Helicopter rotor|rotor]].<ref name=DA/> The British television station [[Channel Four]] commissioned a documentary ''Leonardo's Dream Machines'', for broadcast in 2003. Leonardo's designs for machines such as a [[parachute]], and giant crossbow were interpreted, constructed and tested.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0365434/ Leonardo's Dream Machines]</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/leonardo/parachute.html British Library online gallery] (retrieved 10 Oct 2013)</ref> Some of those designs proved a success, whilst others fared less well when practically tested. ==Fame and reputation== {{Main|Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci}} [[File:Francois I recoit les derniers soupirs de Leonard de Vinci by Ingres.jpg||left|thumb|''Francis I of France receiving the last breath of Leonardo da Vinci'', by [[Ingres]], 1818]] Within Leonardo's own lifetime his fame was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo has never diminished. The crowds still queue to see his most famous artworks, [[T-shirt]]s bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to marvel at his genius and speculate about his private life and, particularly, about what one so intelligent actually believed in.<ref name=DA/> [[Giorgio Vasari]], in the enlarged edition of ''[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|Lives of the Artists]]'', 1568,<ref>Vasari, p.255</ref> introduced his chapter on Leonardo da Vinci with the following words:{{quote|In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.|[[Giorgio Vasari]]}} The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. [[Baldassare Castiglione]], author of ''Il Cortegiano'' ("The Courtier"), wrote in 1528: "...&nbsp;Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled&nbsp;..."<ref> {{Cite journal | author-link = Baldassare Castiglione | first = Baldassare | last = Castiglione | title = Il Cortegiano | year = 1528 }}</ref> while the biographer known as "Anonimo Gaddiano" wrote, c.&nbsp;1540: "His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf&nbsp;...".<ref>"Anonimo Gaddiani", elaborating on ''Libro di Antonio Billi'', 1537–1542</ref> [[File:Leonardo IMG 1759.JPG|thumb|Statue of Leonardo in [[Amboise]]]] The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing [[Henry Fuseli]] to write in 1801: "Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius&nbsp;..."<ref> {{Cite journal | first = Henry | last = Fuseli | title = Lectures | volume = II | year = 1801 }}</ref> This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: "He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents."<ref> {{Cite journal | first = A.E. | last = Rio | title = L'art chrétien | year = 1861 }}</ref> By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. [[Hippolyte Taine]] wrote in 1866: "There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries."<ref> {{Cite journal | first = Hippolyte | last = Taine | title = Voyage en Italie | year = 1866 }}</ref> Art historian [[Bernard Berenson]] wrote in 1896: "Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values."<ref> {{Cite journal | first = Bernard | last = Berenson | author-link = Bernard Berenson | title = The Italian Painters of the Renaissance | year = 1896 }}</ref> The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.artnewsonline.com/currentarticle.cfm?art_id=1240 | title = ArtNews article about current studies into Leonardo's life and works | first = Melinda | last = Henneberger | publisher = Art News Online | accessdate = 2010-01-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060505165842/http://www.artnewsonline.com/currentarticle.cfm?art_id=1240 |archivedate = 2006-05-05}}</ref> Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: "Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge&nbsp;... Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe."<ref name= LB/> ==See also== {{commons category|Leonardo da Vinci}} {{Wikipedia books|3=Key artists}} * [[Aerial perspective]] * [[Italian Renaissance painting]] * ''[[Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood]]'' * [[Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport]] * [[List of Italian painters]] * [[List of vegetarians]] * [[Medical Renaissance]] * [[Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci"]] * [[Renaissance technology]] ==Footnotes== {{reflist|30em|group="nb"}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-56852-198-7}} *{{cite book | author = [[Michael Baxandall]] | title = Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy | year = 1974 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 0-19-881329-5}} *{{cite book | author=Andrea Bayer | title=[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96665 ''Painters of reality : the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy''] | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2004 | isbn=9781588391162}} *{{cite book | author = Fred Bérence | title = Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre | publisher = Somogy | year = 1965 | id = Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965}} *{{cite book | author = Luciano Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | publisher = Scala}} *{{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | id = }} *{{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion the Western Art | publisher = U.S.: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-866203-3}} *{{cite book | author = Gene A. Brucker| title = Renaissance Florence | publisher = Wiley and Sons| year = 1969 | isbn = 0-471-11370-0}} *{{cite book | author = [[Fritjof Capra]] | title = The Science of Leonardo | publisher = Doubleday | location = U.S. | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-385-51390-6}} *{{cite book | author = Cennino Cennini | title = Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui | publisher = BiblioBazaar | location = U.S. | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-103-39032-8}} *{{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-008649-8}} *{{cite book | author = Simona Cremante | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor | publisher = Giunti | year = 2005 | isbn = 88-09-03891-6}} *{{cite book | author = Frederich Hartt| title = A History of Italian Renaissance Art | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-500-23136-2}} *{{cite book | author = [[Michael H. Hart]] | title = [[The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History]] | publisher = Carol Publishing Group | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8065-1350-0}} *{{cite book | author = [[Martin Kemp (art historian)|Martin Kemp]]| title = Leonardo | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280644-0}} *{{cite book | title=[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2 ''Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle''] | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1983 | isbn=9780870993626}} *{{cite book| author = Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo | title = Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems| work = | publisher = Birkhauser| year = 2004| isbn = 3-7643-6940-X}} *{{cite book | author = John N. Lupia| title = The Secret Revealed: How to Look at [[Italian Renaissance Painting]] | publisher = Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17 | issn = 1075-2110}} *{{cite book | author = Andrew Martindale| title = The Rise of the Artist | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-500-56006-4}} *{{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-268-01433-7}} *{{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-452-28090-7}} *{{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} *{{cite book | author = Charles Nicholl | title = Leonardo da Vinci, The Flights of the Mind | publisher = Penguin | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-029681-6}} *{{cite book | author = Sherwin B. Nuland| title = Leonardo Da Vinci | publisher = Phoenix Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7538-1269-X}} *{{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0-224-60462-7}} *{{cite book | author =Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips | title = The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man | publisher = Adams Media | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59869-101-5}} *{{cite book | author = Ilan Rachum| title = The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'' | publisher = Octopus | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7064-0857-8}} *{{cite book | author = [[Jean Paul Richter]] | title = The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Dover | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-486-22572-0}} volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5000 the original 1883 edition]. *{{cite book | author = Marco Rosci| title = Leonardo | publisher = Bay Books Pty Ltd| year = 1977 | isbn = 0-85835-176-5}} *{{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0-631-22711-3}} *{{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} *{{cite book |author = Theophilus | title = On Divers Arts | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location=U.S. |year = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-226-79482-2}} *{{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} *{{cite book | author = [[Giorgio Vasari]]| title = Lives of the Artists'' | publisher = Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965| year = 1568 | isbn = 0-14-044164-6}} *{{Cite book | first = Hugh Ross | last = Williamson | title = Lorenzo the Magnificent | year = 1974 | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 0-7181-1204-0}} *{{cite book | author = Emanuel Winternitz | title=Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician | year=1982 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=U.S. | isbn=978-0-300-02631-3}} *{{cite book | author = Alessandro Vezzosi | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd, London | year = 1997 (English translation) | isbn = 0-500-30081-X}} *{{cite book | author = Frank Zollner | title = Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings | publisher = Taschen | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-8228-1734-1}} [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan]. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|b=no|s=Author:Leonardo da Vinci}} *{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} * [http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ Leonardo da Vinci and ''the Virgin of the Rocks'', A different point of view] *{{gutenberg author|Leonardo_da_Vinci}} *{{gutenberg|no=7785|name=Leonardo da Vinci'' by Maurice Walter Brockwell'}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks] * [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/ Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings] * [http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/ Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html Da Vinci Decoded] Article from ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?] * [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism] * [http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1.php The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science] * [http://www.propheties.it/variouspeople/leonardo.htm Leonardo da Vinci's "prophecies" from Volume II of the notebooks (translated)] *[http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/exclusive-500-old-leonardo-da-vinci-sculpture-horse-201456519.html Yahoo news, 500-year-old Leonardo da Vinci sculpture ‘Horse and Rider’ unveiled] * [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist] The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings. {{Leonardo da Vinci}} {{Authority control|PND=118640445|LCCN=n/79/34525|VIAF=24604287|ULAN=500010879}} {{good article}} {{Persondata | NAME=Leonardo da Vinci | ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (full name) | SHORT DESCRIPTION=Italian artist and [[polymath]] | DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y}} | PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Anchiano]] by [[Vinci, Italy]] | DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1519|5|2|mf=y}} | PLACE OF DEATH=[[Clos Lucé]], France }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo da Vinci}} [[Category:1452 births]] [[Category:1519 deaths]] [[Category:15th century in science]] [[Category:15th-century scientists]] [[Category:16th century in science]] [[Category:16th-century scientists]] [[Category:Age of Enlightenment]] [[Category:Ballistics experts]] [[Category:Fabulists]] [[Category:Giftedness]] [[Category:History of anatomy]] [[Category:Italian anatomists]] [[Category:Italian civil engineers]] [[Category:Italian inventors]] [[Category:Italian military 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Leonardo da Vinci|Personal life]] |abovestyle = background: #EAEAAE |belowstyle = background: #EAEAAE |groupstyle = background: #EAEAAE |group1= Paintings |list1= * †''[[Medusa (Leonardo da Vinci painting)|Medusa]]'' * **''[[Annunciation (Leonardo)|The Annunciation]]'' * **''[[The Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio)|The Baptism of Christ]]'' * ''[[Madonna of the Carnation|The Madonna of the Carnation]]'' * ''[[Ginevra de' Benci]]'' * ''[[Benois Madonna]]'' * ''[[Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo)|The Adoration of the Magi]]'' * ''[[St. Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)|St. Jerome in the Wilderness]]'' * **''[[Madonna Litta]]'' * [[Virgin of the Rocks|''The Virgin of the Rocks'' ]] (Louvre version) * ''[[Portrait of a Musician]]'' * ''[[Lady with an Ermine]]'' * **''[[Virgin of the Rocks|''The Virgin of the Rocks]]'' (London version) * ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' * *''“[[La belle ferronnière|La Belle Ferronnière]]”'' * *''[[Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)|Salvator Mundi]]'' * **''[[Madonna of the Yarnwinder]]'' (two versions) * ''[[The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)|The Virgin and Child with St. Anne]]'' * ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' * †''[[The Battle of Anghiari (painting)|The Battle of Anghiari]]'' * *''“[[Head of a Woman (Leonardo)|La Scapigliata]]”'' * †''[[Leda and the Swan (Leonardo)|Leda and the Swan]]'' * ''[[St. John the Baptist (Leonardo)|St. John the Baptist]]'' |group2= Sculpture |list2= * [[Leonardo's horse|Sforza monument]] (unexecuted) |group3= Works on paper |list3= * ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'' * *''[[Portrait of a Young Fiancée]]'' * ''[[The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist]]'' * ''[[Portrait of a man in red chalk (Leonardo)|Self-portrait]]'' |group4= Manuscripts |list4= * [[Codex Arundel]] * [[Codex Atlanticus]] * [[Codex on the Flight of Birds]] * [[Codex Leicester]] * [[Codex Madrid (Leonardo)|Codex Madrid]] * [[Codex Trivulzianus]] * [[Codex Urbinas]] |group5= Other projects |list5= * [[Architonnerre]] * [[Leonardo's crossbow]] * [[Leonardo's robot]] * [[Leonardo's self-propelled cart]] * [[Viola organista]] |group6=[[Leonardeschi]] |list6= * [[Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio]] * [[Cesare da Sesto]] * [[Giampietrino]] * [[Giovanni Agostino da Lodi]] * [[Bernardino Luini]] * [[Cesare Magni]] * [[Marco d'Oggiono]] * [[Francesco Melzi]] * [[Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis]] * [[Salaì]] * [[Andrea Solari]] |group7= Posthumous fame |list7= * [[Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci|Cultural references]] * [[Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations|''Mona Lisa'' replicas and reinterpretations]] * [[List of things named after Leonardo da Vinci|Things named after Leonardo]] |group8= Wikimedia |list8= * [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|18x18px]] [[commons:Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]] at Wikimedia Commons * [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|18x18px]] [[q:Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]] at Wikiquote |below = * '''Key''': *Attributed * **Collaboration with other artists * †Lost }}<noinclude> 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} .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; 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"body.mediawiki" is so they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */ body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */ /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 238px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */ /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 1em 4px 0; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } /* Style for compact ambox */ /* Hide the images */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-image, .compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright, .compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell { display: none; } /* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */ .compact-ambox table.ambox { border: none; border-collapse: collapse; background: transparent; margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important; padding: 0 !important; width: auto; display: block; } body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left { font-size: 100%; width: auto; margin: 0; } /* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-text { padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { display: list-item; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/bullet.gif); } .skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { list-style-type: circle; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/vector/images/bullet-icon.png) } /* Allow for hiding text in compact form */ .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact { display: none; } /* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */ div.noarticletext { border: none; background: transparent; padding: 0; } /* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */ .visualhide { position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: auto; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; } /* Bold save button */ #wpSave { font-weight: bold; } /* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */ .hiddenStructure { display: inline !important; color: #f00; background-color: #0f0; } /* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on [[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */ .check-icon a.new { display: none; speak: none; } /* Removes underlines from certain links */ .nounderlines a, .IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited { text-decoration: none !important; } /* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */ div.NavFrame { margin: 0; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 2px; /* @noflip */ float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; position: relative; } div.NavFrame p, div.NavFrame div.NavContent, div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position: absolute; top: 0; /* @noflip */ right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; } /* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */ .rellink, .dablink { font-style: italic; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .rellink i, .dablink i { font-style: normal; } /* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. Compatible in Firefox; incompatible in IE6. */ .listify td { display: list-item; } .listify tr { display: block; } .listify table { display: block; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } /* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents, the ToC will display without numbers */ .nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; } .nonumtoc #toc ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: .3em 0 0; padding: 0; } .nonumtoc #toc ul ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul ul { /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 0 2em; } /* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC; <div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further (as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */ .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul, .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul, .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul, .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul, .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul, .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul { display: none; } /* Styling for Template:Quote */ blockquote.templatequote { margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite { line-height: 1em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite cite { font-size: 85%; } /* User block messages */ div.user-block { padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color: #FFEFD5; } /* Prevent line breaks in silly places: 1) Where desired 2) Links when we don't want them to 3) Bold "links" to the page itself 4) Ref tags with group names <ref group="Note"> --> "[Note 1]" */ .nowrap, .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink, sup.reference a { white-space: nowrap; } /* But allow wrapping where desired: */ .wrap, .wraplinks a { white-space: normal; } /* For template documentation */ .template-documentation { clear: both; margin: 1em 0 0 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #ecfcf4; padding: 1em; } /* Inline divs in ImageMaps (code borrowed from de.wiki) */ .imagemap-inline div { display: inline; } /* Increase the height of the image upload box */ #wpUploadDescription { height: 13em; } /* Minimum thumb width */ .thumbinner { min-width: 100px; } /* Makes the background of a framed image white instead of gray. Only visible with transparent images. */ div.thumb .thumbimage { background-color: #fff; } /* The backgrounds for galleries. */ div#content .gallerybox div.thumb { /* Light gray padding */ background-color: #F9F9F9; } /* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency. '.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */ .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/Checker-16x16.png) repeat; } /* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */ .ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img, .nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff; } /* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings, file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */ #mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media, #filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff { clear: both; } body.rtl #mw-articlefeedbackv5, body.rtl #mw-articlefeedback { display: block; /* Override inline block mode */ margin-bottom: 1em; /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* Clear any info boxes that stick out */ /* @noflip */ float: right; /* Prevents margin collapsing */ } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */ .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */ .mw-tag-markers { font-family:sans-serif; font-style:italic; font-size:90%; } /* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */ .sysop-show, .accountcreator-show, .templateeditor-show, .autoconfirmed-show { display: none; } /** * Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}}, * this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies * to the same link as well. */ .ve-init-mw-viewPageTarget-toolbar-editNotices-notice .editnotice-redlink { display: none !important; } /* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */ ul.permissions-errors > li { list-style: none none; } ul.permissions-errors { margin: 0; } /* No linewrap on the labels of the login/signup page */ body.page-Special_UserLogin .mw-label label, body.page-Special_UserLogin_signup .mw-label label { white-space: nowrap; } /* Disable the automatic text-size adjust of WebKit on iPhones etc. It scales some text, and not the other. Use none, or fixed percentage instead. Use media selector, because defining a value, overwrites platform defaults. */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 480px) { body { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; } } /* Pie chart test: Transparent borders */ .transborder { border: solid transparent; } * html .transborder { /* IE6 */ border: solid #000001; filter: chroma(color=#000001); } /* Styling for updated markers on watchlist, history and recent/related changes. Bullets are handled in skin-specific stylesheets. */ .updatedmarker { background-color: transparent; color: #006400; } li.mw-changeslist-line-watched .mw-title, table.mw-changeslist-line-watched .mw-title, table.mw-enhanced-watch .mw-enhanced-rctime { font-weight: normal; } /* Adjust font for inline HTML generated formulae */ span.texhtml { font-family: "Times New Roman", "Nimbus Roman No9 L", Times, serif; font-size: 118%; white-space: nowrap; } span.texhtml span.texhtml { font-size: 100%; } /* Fix so <syntaxhighlight> tags and .css and .js pages get normal text size. [[Bugzilla:26204]]. See also [[Wikipedia:Typography#The monospace 'bug']] */ div.mw-geshi div, div.mw-geshi div pre, span.mw-geshi, pre.source-css, pre.source-javascript, pre.source-lua { font-family: monospace, Courier !important; } /* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */ table#mw-prefixindex-list-table, table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table { width: 98%; } /* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv On wide screens, show these as two columns On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */ .portal-column-left { float: left; width: 50%; } .portal-column-right { float: right; width: 49%; } .portal-column-left-wide { float: left; width: 60%; } .portal-column-right-narrow { float: right; width: 39%; } .portal-column-left-extra-wide { float: left; width: 70%; } .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: right; width: 29%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) { /* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */ .portal-column-left, .portal-column-right, .portal-column-left-wide, .portal-column-right-narrow, .portal-column-left-extra-wide, .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: inherit; width: inherit; } } /* For announcements */ #bodyContent .letterhead { background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; padding: 2em; background-color: #faf9f2; } /* Tree style lists */ .treeview ul { padding: 0; margin: 0; } .treeview li { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; zoom: 1; /* BE KIND TO IE6 */; } .treeview li li { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 20px; text-indent: 0.3em; } .treeview li li.lastline { background-position: 0 -5971px } .treeview li.emptyline > ul { /* @noflip */ margin-left: -1px; } .treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child { background-position: 0 9px } /* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */ td .sortkey, th .sortkey { display: none; speak: none; } /* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */ .inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element { display: none !important; } /* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */ #editpage-specialchars { display: none; } /* work-around for [[bugzilla:23965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */ .k-player .k-attribution { visibility: hidden; } /* [[MediaZilla:35337]] */ @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx), (min-resolution: 144dpi) { #p-logo a { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/204px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png") !important; background-size: 136px auto; } } @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx), (min-resolution: 192dpi) { #p-logo a { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/270px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png") !important; background-size: 135px auto; } } a945702c83b921d2c6f28a9984b01a9166949ca5 10 123 234 233 2014-01-15T23:56:12Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 38bab3e3d7fbd3d6800d46556e60bc6bac494d72 10 124 236 235 2014-01-15T23:56:12Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[:{{{1}}}]]{{ #if: {{{3|}}}{{{4|}}} | , [[:{{{2}}}]], {{ #if: {{{4|}}} | [[:{{{3}}}]], or [[:{{{4}}}]] | or [[:{{{3}}}]] }} | {{ #if: {{{2|}}} | &nbsp;or [[:{{{2}}}]] }} }}.}}<noinclude><!-- splitting these lines causes {{Documentation}} template to terminate green shading when Distinguish is used in /doc pages. --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 8acc19bc3d56643f1d8f9f20a7a7bf4d004ba12b 10 125 238 237 2014-01-15T23:56:13Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> {{distinguish|Template:Userbox}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{#titleparts: {{PAGENAME}} | 1 | 2 }} | old | <!-- null --> | {{high-risk|1,900,000+}}{{lua|Module:Infobox}} }}</includeonly> This template is intended as a meta-template: a template used for constructing other templates. It is not meant for use directly in an article, but can be used on a one-off basis if required. See [[Help:Infobox]] for an introduction to infoboxes and information on how to design them. See [[:Category:Infobox templates]] for specific infobox templates. === Usage === Usage is similar to {{tl|navbox}}, but with an additional distinction. Each row on the table can contain either a header, or a label/data pair, or just a data cell. These are mutually exclusive states so if you define a row with both a header and a label/data pair, the label/data pair is ignored. To insert an image somewhere other than at the top of the infobox, or to insert freeform data, use a row with only a data field. === Optional control parameters === ; name : If this parameter is present, "view/discuss/edit" links will be added to the bottom of the infobox, pointing to the named page. You may use the value <nowiki>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</nowiki>; however this is rarely what you want, because it will send users clicking these links in an infobox in an article to the template code rather than the data in the infobox that they probably want to change. ; child : See the [[#Embedding|Embedding]] section for details. If this is set to "yes", this child infobox should be titled but have no name parameter. This parameter is empty by default, set it to "yes" to activate it. ; subbox : See the [[#Subboxes|Subboxes]] section for details. If this is set to "yes", this subbox should be titled but have no name parameter. This parameter is empty by default, set to "yes" to activate it. It has no effect if the '''child''' parameter is also set to "yes". ; decat : If this is set to "yes", the current page will not be autocategorized in a maintenance category when the generated infobox has some problems or no visible data section. Leave empty by default or set to "yes" to activate it. === Content parameters === ==== Title ==== There are two different ways to put a title on an infobox. One contains the title inside the infobox's border in the uppermost cell of the table, the other puts as a caption it on top of the table. You can use both of them together if you like, or just one or the other, or even neither (though this is not recommended): ; title : Text to put in the caption over the top of the table (or as as section header before the whole content of this table, if this is a child infobox). ; above : Text to put within the uppermost cell of the table. ; subheader(n) : additional title fields which fit below {{{title}}} and {{{above}}}, but before images. Subheader parameters should not be spaced more than 10 apart. Examples: {{Infobox | name = Infobox/doc | title = Text in caption over infobox | subheader = Subheader of the infobox | header = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} | title = Text in caption over infobox | subheader = Subheader of the infobox | header = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} </pre>{{clear}} {{Infobox | name = Infobox/doc | above = Text in uppermost cell of infobox | subheader = Subheader of the infobox | subheader2 = Second subheader of the infobox | header = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} | above = Text in uppermost cell of infobox | subheader = Subheader of the infobox | subheader2 = Second subheader of the infobox | header = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} </pre>{{clear}} ==== Illustration images ==== ; image(n) : images to display at the top of the template. Use full image syntax, for example <nowiki>[[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]]</nowiki>. Image is centered by default. See [[WP:ALT]] for more on alt text. Image parameters should not be spaced more than 10 apart. ; caption(n) : Text to put underneath the images. ==== Main data ==== ; header(n) : Text to use as a header in row n. Header and data parameters should not be spaced more than 50 apart. ; label(n) : Text to use as a label in row n. ; data(n) : Text to display as data in row n. Header and data parameters should not be spaced more than 50 apart. Note: for any given value for (n), not all combinations of parameters are permitted. The presence of a {{para|header''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|data''(n)''}} (and {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|label''(n)''}}, see below) to be ignored; the absence of a {{para|data''(n)''}} will cause the corresponding {{para|label''(n)''}} to be ignored. Valid combinations for any single row are: * {{para|class''(n)''}} {{para|header''(n)''}} * {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} {{para|data''(n)''}} * {{para|rowclass''(n)''}} {{para|label''(n)''}} {{para|class''(n)''}} {{para|data''(n)''}} See the rendering of header4, label4, and data4 in the [[#Examples|Examples]] section below. ===== Number ranges ===== To allow flexibility when the layout of an infobox is changed, it may be helpful when developing an infobox to use non-contiguous numbers for header and label/data rows. Parameters for new rows can then be inserted in future without having to renumber existing parameters. For example: <pre style="overflow:auto"> | header3 = Section 1 | label5 = Label A | data5 = Data A | label7 = Label C | data7 = Data C | header10 = Section 2 | label12 = Label D | data12 = Data D </pre>{{clear}} It is also possible to automatically renumber parameter names by using [[Module:IncrementParams]]. Note that although there is no limitation on the number of rows available, row parameters should not be numbered more than 50 apart. See the [[#Limitations]] section below for more details. ===== Making data fields optional ===== A row with a label but no data is not displayed. This allows for the easy creation of optional infobox content rows. To make a row optional use a parameter that defaults to an empty string, like so: <pre style="overflow:auto"> | label5 = Population | data5 = {{{population|}}} </pre>{{clear}} This way if an article doesn't define the population parameter in its infobox the row won't be displayed. For more complex fields with pre-formatted contents that would still be present even if the parameter wasn't set, you can wrap it all in an "#if" statement to make the whole thing vanish when the parameter is not used. For instance, the "#if" statement in the following example reads "#if:the parameter ''mass'' has been supplied |then display it, followed by 'kg'": <pre style="overflow:auto"> | label6 = Mass | data6 = {{ #if: {{{mass|}}} | {{{mass}}} kg }} </pre>{{clear}} For more on #if, see [[meta:ParserFunctions##if:|here]]. ===== Hiding headers when all data fields are hidden ===== You can also make headers optional in a similar way. Consider this example: {{Infobox | title = Example of an undesirable header | header1 = Undesirable header | label2 = Item 1 | data2 = | label3 = Item 2 | data3 = | label4 = Item 3 | data4 = | header5 = Static header | label6 = Static item | data6 = Static value }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Example of an undesirable header | header1 = Undesirable header | label2 = Item 1 | data2 = | label3 = Item 2 | data3 = | label4 = Item 3 | data4 = | header5 = Static header | label6 = Static item | data6 = Static value }} </pre>{{clear}} If you want the first header to appear only if one or more of the data fields that fall under it are filled, one could use the following pattern as an example of how to do it: {{Infobox | title = Example of an optional header | header1 = {{ #if: {{{item1|}}}{{{item2|}}}{{{item3|}}} | Optional header }} | label2 = Item 1 | data2 = {{{item1|}}} | label3 = Item 2 | data3 = {{{item2|}}} | label4 = Item 3 | data4 = {{{item3|}}} | header5 = Static header | label6 = Static item | data6 = Static value }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Example of an optional header | header1 = {{ #if: {{{item1|}}}{{{item2|}}}{{{item3|}}} | Optional header }} | label2 = Item 1 | data2 = {{{item1|}}} | label3 = Item 2 | data3 = {{{item2|}}} | label4 = Item 3 | data4 = {{{item3|}}} | header5 = Static header | label6 = Static item | data6 = Static value }} </pre>{{clear}} header1 will be shown if any of item1, item2, or item3 is defined. If none of the three parameters are defined the header won't be shown and no emty row appears before the next static content. The trick to this is that the "#if" returns false only if there is nothing whatsoever in the conditional section, so only if all three of item1, item2 and item3 are undefined will the if statement fail. Note that such trick may be sometimes very complex to test if there are many data items whose value depends on complex tests (or when a data row is generated by a recursive invokation of this template as a [[#Subboxes|subbox]]). Ideally, the Lua module supporting this template should now support a new way to make each header row autohideable by detecting if there is at least one non-empty data row after that header row (a parameter like "autohide header1 = yes", for example, would remove the need to perform the "#if" test so that we can just to define "header1 = Optional header"), ==== Footer ==== ; below : Text to put in the bottom cell. The bottom cell is intended for footnotes, see-also, and other such information. === Presentation parameters === ==== Italic titles ==== Titles of articles with infoboxes may be made italic, in line with [[WP:ITALICTITLE]], by passing the <code>italic title</code> parameter. * Turn on italic titles by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|}}}</nowiki>}} from the infobox. * Turn off by default (notably because only Latin script may be safely rendered in this style and italic may be needed to distinguish foreign language from local English language only in that script, but would be difficult to read for other scripts) but allow some instances to be made italic by passing {{para|italic title|<nowiki>{{{italic title|no}}}</nowiki>}} * Do not make any titles italic by not passing the parameter at all. ==== CSS styling ==== ; bodystyle : Applies to the infobox table as a whole ; titlestyle : Applies only to the title caption. Adding a background color is usually inadvisable since the text is rendered "outside" the infobox. ; abovestyle : Applies only to the "above" cell at the top. The default style has font-size:125%; since this cell is usually used for a title, if you want to use the above cell for regular-sized text include "font-size:100%;" in the abovestyle. ; imagestyle : Applies to the cell the image is in. This includes the text of the image caption, but you should set text properties with captionstyle instead of imagestyle in case the caption is moved out of this cell in the future. ; captionstyle : Applies to the text of the image caption. ; headerstyle : Applies to all header cells ; labelstyle : Applies to all label cells ; datastyle : Applies to all data cells ; belowstyle : Applies only to the below cell ==== HTML classes and microformats ==== ; bodyclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the infobox as a whole. ; titleclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the infobox's '''title''' caption. <!-- currently not implemented in Lua module ; aboverowclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the complete table row the '''above''' cell is on. --> ; aboveclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the infobox's '''above''' cell. ; subheaderrowclass(n) : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the complete table row the '''subheader''' is on. ; subheaderclass(n) : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the infobox's '''subheader'''. ; imagerowclass(n) : These parameters are inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the complete table row their respective '''image''' is on. ; imageclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the '''image'''. ; rowclass(n) : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the specified row including the '''label''' and '''data''' cells. ; class(n) : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the '''data''' cell of the specified row. If there's no '''data''' cell it has no effect. <!-- currently not implemented in Lua module ; belowrowclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the complete table row the '''below''' cell is on. --> ; belowclass : This parameter is inserted into the <code>class<code> attribute for the infobox's '''below''' cell. This template supports the addition of microformat information. This is done by adding "class" attributes to various data cells, indicating what kind of information is contained within. Multiple class names may be specified, separated by spaces, some of them being used as selectors for custom styling according to a project policy or to the skin selected in user preferences, others beig used for microformats. To flag an infobox as containing [[hCard]] information, for example, add the following parameter: <pre style="overflow:auto"> | bodyclass = vcard </pre>{{clear}} And for each row containing a data cell that's part of the vcard, add a corresponding class parameter: <pre style="overflow:auto"> | class1 = fn | class2 = org | class3 = tel </pre>{{clear}} ...and so forth. "above" and "title" can also be given classes, since these are usually used to display the name of the subject of the infobox. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats]] for more information on adding microformat information to Wikipedia, and [[microformat]] for more information on microformats in general. === Examples === Notice how the row doesn't appear in the displayed infobox when a '''label''' is defined without an accompanying '''data''' cell , and how all of them are displayed when a '''header''' is defined on the same row as a '''data''' cell. Also notice that '''subheaders''' are not bold by default like the '''headers''' used to split the main data section, because this role is meant to be for the '''above''' cell : {{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = |titlestyle = |abovestyle = background:#cfc; |subheaderstyle = |title = Test Infobox |above = Above text |subheader = Subheader above image |subheader2 = Second subheader |imagestyle = |captionstyle = |image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |caption = Caption displayed below example.png |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone | label1 = | data1 = |header2 = | label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) | data2 = |header3 = | label3 = | data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) | label4 = does not display (same number as a header) | data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = | label5 = Label and data defined (label) | data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |bodystyle = |titlestyle = |abovestyle = background:#cfc; |subheaderstyle = |title = Test Infobox |above = Above text |subheader = Subheader above image |subheader2 = Second subheader |imagestyle = |captionstyle = | image = [[File:example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]] |caption = Caption displayed below example.png |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Header defined alone | label1 = | data1 = |header2 = | label2 = Label defined alone does not display (needs data, or is suppressed) | data2 = |header3 = | label3 = | data3 = Data defined alone |header4 = All three defined (header, label, data, all with same number) | label4 = does not display (same number as a header) | data4 = does not display (same number as a header) |header5 = | label5 = Label and data defined (label) | data5 = Label and data defined (data) |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = Below text }} </pre>{{clear}} For this example, the '''bodystyle''' and '''labelstyle''' parameters are used to adjust the infobox width and define a default width for the column of labels: {{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = width:20em |titlestyle = |title = Test Infobox |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = | label1 = Label 1 | data1 = Data 1 |header2 = | label2 = Label 2 | data2 = Data 2 |header3 = | label3 = Label 3 | data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 | label4 = | data4 = |header5 = | label5 = Label 5 | data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |bodystyle = width:20em |titlestyle = |title = Test Infobox |headerstyle = |labelstyle = width:33% |datastyle = |header1 = | label1 = Label 1 | data1 = Data 1 |header2 = | label2 = Label 2 | data2 = Data 2 |header3 = | label3 = Label 3 | data3 = Data 3 |header4 = Header 4 | label4 = | data4 = |header5 = | label5 = Label 5 | data5 = Data 5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. |belowstyle = |below = Below text }} </pre>{{clear}} === Embedding === One infobox template can be embedded into another using the {{para|child}} parameter. This feature can be used to create a modular infobox, or to create more well defined logical sections. Previously, it was necessary to use embedding in order to create infoboxes with more than 99 rows, but there is now no limit to the number of rows that can be defined in a single instance of <code><nowiki>{{infobox}}</nowiki></code>. {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes |title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | data1 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | data2 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes |title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} </pre>{{clear}} Note, in the examples above, the child infobox is placed in a <code>data</code> field, not a <code>header</code> field. Notice that the section subheadings are not in bold font if bolding is not explicitly specified. To obtain bold section headings, place the child infobox in a '''header''' field (but not in a '''label''' field because it would not be displayed!), either using {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = First subsection | label1= Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | title = Second subsection | label1= Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} </pre>{{clear}} or, {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | title = Top level title | header1 = First subsection {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Label 1.1 | data1 = Data 1.1 }} | header2 = Second subsection {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Label 2.1 | data1 = Data 2.1 }} | belowstyle = | below = Below text }} </pre>{{clear}} Note that omitting the {{para|title}} parameter, and not including any text preceding the embedded infobox, may result in spurious blank table rows, creating gaps in the visual presentation. === Subboxes === An alternative method for embedding is to use {{para|subbox|yes}}, which removes the outer border from the infobox, but preserves the interior structure. One feature of this approach is that the parent and child boxes need not have the same structure, and the label and data fields are not aligned between the parent and child boxes because they are not in the same parent table. {{Infobox | headerstyle = background-color:#eee; | labelstyle = background-color:#eee; | header1 = Main 1 | header2 = Main 2 | data3 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | headerstyle = background-color:#ccc; | labelstyle = background-color:#ddd; | header1 = Sub 3-1 | header2 = Sub 3-2 | label3 = Label 3-3 | data3 = Data 3-3 }} | data4 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | labelstyle = background-color:#ccc; | label1 = Label 4-1 | data1 = Data 4-1 }} | label5 = Label 5 | data5 = Data 5 | header6 = Main 6 }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | headerstyle = background-color:#eee; | labelstyle = background-color:#eee; | header1 = Main 1 | header2 = Main 2 | data3 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | headerstyle = background-color:#ccc; | labelstyle = background-color:#ddd; | header1 = Sub 3-1 | header2 = Sub 3-2 | label3 = Label 3-3 | data3 = Data 3-3 }} | data4 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | labelstyle = background-color:#ccc; | label1 = Label 4-1 | data1 = Data 4-1 }} | label5 = Label 5 | data5 = Data 5 | header6 = Main 6 }} </pre>{{clear}} Similar embedding technics may be used within content parameters of some other templates generating tables (such as [[:Template:Sidebar|Sidebar]]) : {{Sidebar | navbar = off | headingstyle = background-color:#eee; | heading1 = Heading 1 | heading2 = Heading 2 | content3 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | headerstyle = background-color:#ccc; | labelstyle = background-color:#ddd; | header1 = Sub 3-1 | header2 = Sub 3-2 | label3 = Label 3-3 | data3 = Data 3-3 }} | content4 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | labelstyle = background-color:#ccc; | label1 = Label 4-1 | data1 = Data 4-1 }} | heading5 = Heading 5 }} <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Sidebar | navbar = off | headingstyle = background-color:#eee; | heading1 = Heading 1 | heading2 = Heading 2 | content3 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | headerstyle = background-color:#ccc; | labelstyle = background-color:#ddd; | header1 = Sub 3-1 | header2 = Sub 3-2 | label3 = Label 3-3 | data3 = Data 3-3 }} | content4 = {{Infobox | subbox = yes | labelstyle = background-color:#ccc; | label1 = Label 4-1 | data1 = Data 4-1 }} | heading5 = Heading 5 }} </pre>{{clear}} Note that the default padding of the parent data cell containing each subbox is still visible, so the subboxes are slightly narrower than the parent box and there's an higher vertical spacing between standard cells of the parent box than between cells of distinct subboxes. === Full blank syntax === (Note: there is no limit to the number of possible rows; only 20 are given below since infoboxes larger than that will be relatively rare. Just extend the numbering as needed. The microformat "class" parameters are also omitted as they are not commonly used.) <pre style="overflow:auto"> {{Infobox | name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} | child = {{{child|}}} | subbox = {{{subbox|}}} | italic title = {{{italic title|no}}} | bodystyle = | titlestyle = | abovestyle = | subheaderstyle = | title = | above = | subheader = | imagestyle = | captionstyle = | image = | caption = | image2 = | caption2 = | headerstyle = | labelstyle = | datastyle = | header1 = | label1 = | data1 = | header2 = | label2 = | data2 = | header3 = | label3 = | data3 = | header4 = | label4 = | data4 = | header5 = | label5 = | data5 = | header6 = | label6 = | data6 = | header7 = | label7 = | data7 = | header8 = | label8 = | data8 = | header9 = | label9 = | data9 = | header10 = | label10 = | data10 = | header11 = | label11 = | data11 = | header12 = | label12 = | data12 = | header13 = | label13 = | data13 = | header14 = | label14 = | data14 = | header15 = | label15 = | data15 = | header16 = | label16 = | data16 = | header17 = | label17 = | data17 = | header18 = | label18 = | data18 = | header19 = | label19 = | data19 = | header20 = | label20 = | data20 = | belowstyle = | below = }} </pre>{{clear}} === Limitations === Previously, the number of rows available to this template was limited to 99. This restriction has been lifted now that the template has been ported to a [[WP:Lua|Lua module]], but to maintain backwards compatibility there is now a limit on the number of rows apart by which parameters will be detected. If parameters are numbered more than 50 apart, the later parameters may be ignored (depending on the exact numbers involved), and if parameters are numbered more than 100 apart, the later parameters will definitely be ignored. For example, this code will display properly: {{Infobox | header3 = Section 1 | label48 = Label A | data48 = Data A | data92 = Data B | label136 = Label C | data136 = Data C | header177 = Section 2 | label215 = Label D | data215 = Data D }} <div style="overflow:auto"> <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Infobox | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">3</b> = Section 1 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Label A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Data A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">92</b> = Data B | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">136</b> = Label C | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">136</b> = Data C | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">177</b> = Section 2 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">215</b> = Label D | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">215</b> = Data D <nowiki>}}</nowiki> </div>{{clear}} But in this code, only Section 1, Label A and Data A will be displayed, because Data B is numbered too far away from Data A (and then all the rest is ignored): {{Infobox | header3 = Section 1 | label48 = Label A | data48 = Data A | data102 = Data B | label103 = Label C | data103 = Data C | header115 = Section 2 | label120 = Label D |data120 = Data D }} <div style="overflow:auto"> <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Infobox | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">3</b> = Section 1 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Label A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Data A | data<b style="color:black;background:#FAA">102</b> = Data B | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Label C | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Data C | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">115</b> = Section 2 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Label D | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Data D <nowiki>}}</nowiki> </div>{{clear}} Note that parameter values may be blank - parameters are counted unless they are completely absent, in header() and data(n), from the template invocation: {{Infobox | header3 = Section 1 | label48 = Label A | data48 = Data A | data70 = | data102 = Data B | label103 = Label C | data103 = Data C | header115 = Section 2 | label120 = Label D |data120 = Data D }} <div style="overflow:auto"> <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Infobox | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">3</b> = Section 1 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Label A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Data A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">70</b> = | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">102</b> = Data B | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Label C | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Data C | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">115</b> = Section 2 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Label D | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Data D <nowiki>}}</nowiki> </div>{{clear}} If only '''label(n)''' is specified (even with a non-empty value) but neither '''header(n)''' nor '''data(n)''', the parameter is ignored and considered as if it was missing: {{Infobox | header3 = Section 1 | label48 = Label A | data48 = Data A | label70 = Dummy label | data102 = Data B | label103 = Label C | data103 = Data C | header115 = Section 2 | label120 = Label D |data120 = Data D }} <div style="overflow:auto"> <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Infobox | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">3</b> = Section 1 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Label A | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">48</b> = Data A | <b style="color:black;background:#FAA">label70</b> = Dummy label | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">102</b> = Data B | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Label C | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">103</b> = Data C | header<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">115</b> = Section 2 | label<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Label D | data<b style="color:black;background:#AFA">120</b> = Data D <nowiki>}}</nowiki> </div>{{clear}} There are also similar limitations for '''image(n)''' and '''subheader(n)''' parameters: in those cases, parameters should not be numbered more than 10 apart. === Porting to other MediaWikis === The infobox template requires the [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension and [[mw:Manual:Using content from Wikipedia#HTMLTidy|HTMLTidy]] to be installed. It may not work with other MediaWikis. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Transwiki|WikiProject Transwiki]] has a version of this template that has been modified to work on other MediaWikis. === See also === * [[Module:Infobox]] - the [[WP:LUA|Lua]] module on which this template is based * [[Template:Infobox/old]] - the old ParserFunctions implementation * {{tl|infobox3cols}} * {{tl|Navbox}} * [[Wikipedia:List of infoboxes|List of infoboxes]] <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| [[Category:Infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Templates generating microformats]] [[Category:Wikipedia metatemplates|Infobox]] }}</includeonly> 7e55972cd9bb8ff5cce684ebfd9e0cf137c3b99b 10 126 240 239 2014-01-15T23:56:13Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{mbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Lua-logo-nolabel.svg|42px]] | text = This template uses {{#if: {{{1|}}} | '''[[{{{1}}}]]''', a script written in }} the [[Lua (programming language)|Lua programming language]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:Lua]] if you want to learn more about Lua or help convert other templates. {{{2|}}} }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | | {{template other | {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | sandbox | sandbox2 | testcases = | #default = [[Category:{{#if: {{{category|}}} | {{{category}}} | {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | Module:String = Lua String-based templates | Module:Math = Templates based on the Math Lua module | Module:BaseConvert = Templates based on the BaseConvert Lua module | Module:Citation | Module:Citation/CS1 = Lua-based citation templates | #default = Lua-based templates }} }}|{{PAGENAME}}]] }} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go in Wikidata --> </noinclude> d0c133c763b4cb05ccf204e7eed88b5f6a5ec00a 10 127 242 241 2014-01-15T23:56:13Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Message box|mbox}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> c262e205f85f774a23f74119179ceea11751d68e 10 128 244 243 2014-01-15T23:56:13Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar {{#if:{{{mini|}}}|mini}}" style="{{{style|}}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{mini|}}}{{{plain|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><span style="word-spacing:0;{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{{text|This box:}}} </span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-right:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#91;</span>}}<!-- --><ul><!-- --><li class="nv-view">[[{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|<span title="View this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|v|view}}</span>]]</li><!-- --><li class="nv-talk">[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}}}|<span title="Discuss this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|t|talk}}</span>]]</li><!-- -->{{#if:{{{noedit|}}}|<!--nothing-->|<!--else: --><li class="nv-edit">[{{fullurl:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|action=edit}} <span title="Edit this template" <!-- -->style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|e|edit}}</span>]</li>}}<!-- --></ul><!-- -->{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|<span style="margin-left:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#93;</span>}}<!-- --></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> cd9e072d3ede69aea05f0461062960c156e42b89 10 129 246 245 2014-01-15T23:56:13Z Artistredbook 3369507 1 revision wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||<table class="vertical-navbox {{#ifeq:{{{wraplinks|}}}|true||nowraplinks}} {{{bodyclass|{{{class|}}}}}}" <!-- -->cellspacing="{{#if:{{{cellspacing|}}} |{{{cellspacing}}} |5}}" <!-- -->cellpadding="{{#if:{{{cellpadding|}}} |{{{cellpadding}}} |0}}" <!-- -->style="float:{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}};<!-- -->clear:{{#ifeq:{{{float|}}}|none |both |{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}}}};<!-- -->width:{{#if:{{{width|}}} |{{{width}}} |22.0em}};<!-- (margins:)-->{{#switch:{{{float|}}} |left=margin:0 1.0em 1.0em 0; |none|right|#default=margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;}}<!-- -->background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;{{{bodystyle|{{{style|}}}}}}">}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{outertitle|}}} |<caption class="{{{outertitleclass|}}}" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;{{{outertitlestyle|}}}">{{{outertitle}}}</caption><!-- -->}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{topimage|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{topimageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.4em 0;{{{topimagestyle|}}}">{{{topimage}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{topcaption|}}} |<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{topcaptionstyle|}}}">{{{topcaption}}}</div>}}</td> </tr> }}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{pretitleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{topimage|}}} |padding-top:0.2em |padding-top:0.4em}};line-height:1.2em;{{{pretitlestyle|}}}">{{{pretitle}}}</td> </tr> }}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||<tr><th class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}} |padding-top:0}};font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;{{{titlestyle|}}}">}}{{{title}}}</th> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{imageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;{{{imagestyle|}}}">{{{image}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}} |<div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption}}}</div>}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{above|}}} |<tr><td class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;{{{abovestyle|}}}"><!--newline required for bullet-points to work:--> {{{above}}}</td> </tr> }}<!-- heading#/content# starts here: -->{{#if: {{{heading1|}}}| <tr> <th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading1style|}}}"> {{{heading1}}}</th> </tr> }}{{#if: {{{content1|}}}| <tr> <td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 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